MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, Received Accession No. ..." Given by Place, *j.*flo book OP pamphlet is to be pemovad fpom the Lab'- opatopy iitb,out tfae pepmission of the Tpustees. _D O LD m r=l s MANUAL OF THE FLORA OF THE NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA BY NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON, PH.D. Director-in-Chief of the New York Botanical Garden ; Emeritus Professor of Botany in Columbia University ; Vice- President of the New York A cademy of Sciences NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1901 Copyright, 1901, BY HENRY HOLT & CO. 3? ROBERT DRUMMOND, PRINTER, N,EW YORK PREFACE. THE object of this Manual is to present descriptions of the wild fern-plants and seed-plants of northeastern North America in the light of our present understanding of them and of their interrelationships, accompanied by citations of their known natural distribution, their habitats, and their periods of flowering. The area embraced in this study extends from Newfoundland and Labrador to Manitoba, the southern boundary of Virginia, Kentucky and Kansas, and the western boundary of Kansas and Nebraska. The work is based largely on the text of the " Illustrated Flora " prepared jointly by the author and Judge Addison Brown, published by Chas. Scribner's Sons, 1896 to 1898, in three volumes, which contain, in addition to the more lengthy descriptions than are possible in this book, owing to the necessity of issuing it in one volume of convenient size, illustrations of the species described, 4,162 in all. In order to afford ready reference by those using this Manual to figures of the plants, those of the "-Illustrated Flora" are here cited by number at the beginning of each description [I. F. fig. 2042]. During the time which has elapsed since the publication of " Illus- trated Flora " a number of additional species have been made known within the area included in both works, and descriptions of these have been incorporated into this Manual in so far as they are understood by me. In order to meet present requirements in a text-book and to bring our botany into closer relationship with procedure in other natural sciences, all measurements are given in the metric system. For the convenience of those not yet wholly familiar with this system the fol- lowing table of approximate equivalents will be useful : METRIC. ENGLISH. millimetre (mm.) one-half line centimetre (cm.) two-fifths inch decimetre (dm.) four inches (3.94) metre (m.) 3 feet 3.37 inches ENGLISH. METRIC. line 2 millimetres inch 2.5 centime tres foot f 3 decimetres IV PREFA CE. The arrangement of orders and families adopted is essentially that of Engler & Prantl's " Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien," Berlin, 1890- 1901, an arrangement which seeks to bring out something of the de- velopmental relationships of the groups by proceeding from the more simple to the more complex. Order and family are not here regarded as synonymous terms, but are used, as by zoologists, in the sense of the former being composed of the latter ; thus the order Liliales is com- posed in our territory of the families Juncaceae, Melanthaceae, Lilia- ceae, Convallariaceae, Smilaceae, Haemodoraceae, Amaryllidaceae, Dioscoreaceae, and Iridaceae. In the scientific nomenclature the principles adopted by the botan- ists of the American Association for the Advancement of Science at a meeting held in Rochester, N. Y., in 1892, and in Madison, Wis. , in 1893, supplementary to the Code of Nomenclature adopted by the International Congress of Botanists held in Paris, France, in 1867, have been followed ; these principles are essentially the same as those followed by American zoologists. An English name has also been associated with each species, accepted either from popular usage or chosen in reference to some more or less distinctive feature of the plant. The citation of synonyms is mainly restricted to cases in which the names here used differ from those in " Illustrated Flora." Keys formed by the grouping of contrasting features have been prefixed to the descriptions of species, genera and families, and a general key to the orders follows this preface. The collections on which the descriptions are based are nearly all at the New York Botanical Garden. I take much pleasure in acknowledging important assistance in the preparation of the work by my associates, Prof. L. M. Underwood, Dr. John K. Small, Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Mr. G. V. Nash, and Mr. E. P. Bicknell. N. L. B. NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, August 24, 1901. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS vii DESCRIPTIVE FLORA 1-1036 APPENDIX 1037 GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS I0 53 ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS 1061 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 1065 ENGLISH INDEX OF PLANT NAMES , 1073 GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS. PAGB Subkingdom PTERIDOPHYTA i Spores developing into flat or irregular prothallia which bear the repro- ductive organs (antheridia and archegonia); flowers and seeds none. Sporanges (spore-cases) borne on the back of a leaf, or in spikes or panicles. Order i. FILICALES i Sporanges contained in sporocarps. Order 2. SALVINIALES. . . 19 Sporanges clustered underneath the scales of a terminal cone-like spike; stems jointed, rush-like. Order 3. EQUISETALES. . . 21 Sporanges borne in the axils of scale-like or tubular leaves. Order^ LYCOPODIALES.. 23 Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA 30 Microspores (pollen-grains) developing into a tubular prothallium (pollen- tube); macrospores (embryo- sac) developing into a minute prothallium, and, together with it, remaining enclosed in the macrosporange (ovule) which ripens into a seed; flowering plants. 1. Ovules not enclosed in an ovary. Class i. GYMNOSPERMAE. 30 2. Ovules enclosed in an ovary. Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE... 38 * Embryo with i cotyledon ; stem with no distinction into pith, wood and bark ; leaves mostly parallel- veined. Subclass i. MONOCOTYLEDONES. . 38 f CARPELS i OR MORE DISTINCT (united, at least partially in family Scheuch- zeriaceae of the order Naiadales. in which they are mostly united until matu- rity, and in family Vallisneriaceae, also of the Naiadales, which are aquatic herbs with imperfect flowers); parts of the flowers mostly unequal in number. Inflorescence various, not a true spadix. Flowers not in the axils of dry chaffy scales ; our species aquatic or marsh plants. Endosperm mealy or fleshy ; perianth of bristles or chaffy scales; flowers monoecious, spicate or capitate. Order i. PANDANALES. . . 38 Endosperm none, or very little ; perianth corolla-like or herbaceous, or none. Order 2. NAIADALES 40 Flowers in the axils of dry chaffy scales, arranged in spikes or spikelets. Orders. GRAMINALES. . 61 Inflorescence a fleshy spadix, with or without a spathe; or plants minute, floating free, the flowers few or solitary on the margin or back of the thallus. Order 6. ARALES 228 ff CARPELS UNITED INTO A COMPOUND OVARY ; parts of the usually com- plete flowers mostly in 3's or 6's. Seeds with endosperm. Flowers regular, or nearly so (corolla irregular in Commelina). Endosperm mealy; ovary superior. Order 7. XYRIDALES.. . . 235 Endosperm fleshy or horny; ovary superior or inferior. Order 8. LILIALF.S 244 Flowers very irregular; ovary inferior. Order 9. SCITAMINALES. 288 Seeds without endosperm, very numerous and minute; ovary inferior. Order 10. ORCHIDALES.. 288 vii viii GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS. ** Embryo normally with 2 cotyledons; stems differentiated into pith, wood and bark ; leaves mostly net-veined. Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES. 306 f PETALS DISTINCT TO THE BASE, OR WANTING (the two lower petals more or less united in family Papilionaceae; two inner petals or all four of them coherent in family Fumariaceae ; three petals united with each other in family Polygalaceae ; five petals sometimes slightly united in Oxalis, and in the family Ilicaceae). Series I. Choripetalae. 306 J Petals none (except in family Portulacaceae and in most Caryophyl- laceae, which are herbs with the leaves nearly always opposite, the seeds with endosperm, and in the pistillate flowers of the walnuts) (Juglans). Calyx none (except in the family Juglandaceae, trees with odd-pinnate leaves). Marsh herbs with small perfect flowers, in nodding spikes in our species. Order 2. PIPERALES ^307 Trees or shrubs ; staminate flowers, and sometimes also the pistillate, in aments. Leaves simple. Fruit many-seeded ; seeds with a tuft of hairs at one end. Order 3. SALICALES 307 Fruit i-seeded. Stigmas 2 ; ovule orthotropous ; endosperm none Order 4. MYRICALES 320 Style stigmatic above ; ovule amphitropous ; endosperm thin. Order 5. LEITNERIALES 321 Leaves odd-pinnate ; fruit a nut enclosed in a husk. Order 7. JUGLANDALES 322 Calyx present. Flowers, at least the staminate ones, in aments. Order 8. FAGALES 326 Flowers not in aments (in ament-like spikes in Morus) ; but variously clustered, or rarely solitary. Flowers monoecious, dioecious or polygamous (sometimes perfect in Ulmus) \ ovary superior, i-celled. Order 9. URTiCALES 337 Flowers dioecious or perfect ; ovary inferior, at least in part. Ovary i-celled. Order n. SANTAL,>I.ES 344 Ovary several-celled (usually 6-celled flowers perfect). Order 12. ARISTOLOCHIALES. 346 Flowers mostly perfect in our genera (dioecious in some species of Rumex in the family Polygonaceae ; monoecious or dioecious in some Chenopo- diaceae and Amaranthaceae) ; ovary superior. Embryo straight or nearly so ; fruit an achene. Order 13. POLYGONALES 350 Embryo coiled, curved or annular ; fruit not an achene. Order 14. CHENOPODIALES . . 367 || Petals present (wanting in Ceratophyllaceae, aquatic herbs with whorled dissected leaves; in many Ranunculaceae; in Cafycocarpum, a dioecious vine of the Menispermaceae; in Lauraceae. alternate-leaved aromatic trees and shrubs; in Podostemaceae, aquatic herbs with the simple flowers involucrate; in LiqWrdambar, a tree of the Hamamelidaceae with palmately lobed leaves and capitate flowers; in Sanguisorba, pinnate-leaved herbs of the Rosaceae; in Xanthoxylum, pinnate-leaved trees of the Rutaceae; in Euphorbiaceae; in Callitrichaceae, Empetraceae and Buxaceae; in some of the Aceraceae and Rhamnaceae; in Thymeleaceae, Elaeagnaceae and in some species of Lud- wigia in Onagraceae; in Hippuris and Proserpinaca of the Haloragidaceae, and in Nyssa of the Cornaceae). A. Ovary superior, free from the calyx (partly or wholly inferior in some Saxifra- gaceae, in Hydrangeaceae, Grossulariaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Pomaceae, and Loasaceae). Carpels solitary, or several and distinct (united in some Nymphaeaceae) : sta- mens mostly hypogynous and more numerous than the sepals; sepals mostly distinct. Order 15. RANALES 405 Carpels 2 or more, united into a compound ovary; stamens hypogynous; sepals mostly distinct. Plants not insectivorous. Order 16. PAPAVERALES. . . 437 GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS. IX PACK Insectivorous plants, secreting a viscid liquid, with basal leaves and scapose flowers. Order 17. SARRACENIALES. 469 Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or sometimes united; stamens mostly perigynous or epigynous; sepals mainly united or confluent with the concave receptacle (hypanthium). Order 18. ROSALES 471 Carpels united into a compound ovary; sepals mostly distinct (united more or less in some Rhamnaceae). Stamens few, rarely more than twice as many as the petals. Stamens as many as the sepals or fewer and opposite them, or^more numerous. Ovules pendulous, the raphe toward the axis of the ovary. Order 19. GERANIALES 572 Ovules pendulous, t-he raphe away from the axis of the ovary, or erect, or ascending. Order 20. SAPINDALES 597 Stamens as many as the sepals and alternate with them, opposite the petals when these are present; ovules erect. Order 21. RHAMNALES 611 Stamens usually very numerous (except in some Hypericaceae, in Elati- naceae, Violaceae and Passifloraceae); disc inconspicuous, or none. Sepals valvate; placentas united in the axis of the capsule. Order 22. MALVALES , 616 Sepals or calyx-segments imbricated or convolute (except in Loasa- ceae, in which the calyx-tube is adnate to the ovary; placentae mainly parietal, sometimes united in the axis. Order 23. PARIETALES.... 623 B. Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx, wholly or in part (except in Lythraceae and our Melastomaceae, where it is usually merely enclosed by it, and in Thymeleaceae and Elaeagnaceae, which are shrubs or trees with no corolla). Fleshy spiny plants, with jointed stems, the leaves very small or none in our genera; calyx-segments and petals very numerous. Order 24. OPUNTIALES 642 Herbs, shrubs or trees, not fleshy nor spiny; calyx-segments rarely more than 5. Petals none in our species; ovary i-ovuled. Order 25. THYMELEALES... 645 Petals present (except in some Haloragidaceae, small aquatic herbs). Ovules several or numerous in each cavity of the ovary (except in Halo- ragidaceae and Trapaceae, aquatic herbs). Order 26. MYRTALES 647 Ovule i in each cavity of the ovary. Order 27. UMBELLALES. . . . 667 ft PETALS MORE OR LESS UNITED (nearly or quite separate in Clethraceae, Pyrolaceae, some Ericaceae, Primulaceae, Styracaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Oleaceae. Cucurbitaceae and Galax of the Diapensiaceae). Series 2. Gamopetalae.. . 691 \ Ovary superior (except in Vacciniaceae and Symplocaceae, in which it is partly or wholly inferior). Stamens mostly free from the corolla, or adnate merely to its base (at the sinuses of the corolla in Diapensia and Pyxidanthera of the Diapesiaceae), as many as the lobes and alternate with them, or twice as many. Order i. ERICALES 691 Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes and- opposite them, or twice as many, or more. Herbs. Order 2. PRIMULALES.... 713 Shrubs or trees. Order 3. EBENALES 720 Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes or fewer, and alternate with them (in our species of Fraxinus and Adelia of the Oleaceae there is no corolla). Corolla not scarious, nerved. Ovaries 2, distinct (except in some Loganiaceae, and in Gentianaceae and Menyanthaceae, in which the ovary is compound with 2 cavities or rarely more, or with i cavity and 2 placentas ; flowers regular ; stamens mostly adnate to only the lower part of the corolla ; leaves mostly opposite. Order 4. GENTIANALES... 723 Ovary i, compound (2-divided in Dichondra of the Convolvulaceae ; in Boraginaceae and Labiatae mostly deeply 4-lobed around the style) ; flow- ers regular or irregular ; stamens mostly adnate to the middle of the co- rolla-tube or beyond; leaves opposite or alternate. Order 5. POLEMONIALES.. 749 Corolla scarious, nerveless. Order 6. PLANTAGINALES. 856 X GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS. \\ Ovary inferior. Anthers distinct. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them (one fewer in Linnaea of the Caprifoliaceae), or twice as many; ovary compound, with i ovule or more in each cavity ; leaves opposite or verticillate. Order 7. RUBIALES 860 Stamens mostly fewer than the corolla-lobes: ovary i-celled with i pen- dulous ovule, or 3-celled with 2 of the cavities without ovules. Order 8. VALERIANALES. 877 Anthers united (except in Campanula and Specularia of the Campanulaceae, in Ambrosiaceae and in Kuhnia of the Compositae). Order 9. CAMPANULALES. 881 FLORA. Subkingdom PTERIDOPHYTA. Ferns and Fern-Allies.* Plants containing woody and vascular tissues producing spores asex- ually, which, on germination, develop small flat mostly green prothallia (gametophyte). On these are borne the reproductive organs, the female known as archegones, the male as antherids. From the fertilization of the egg in the archegone by spermatozoids produced in the antherid, the asexual phase (sporophyte) of the plant is developed ; this phase is rep- resented by an ordinary fern, lycopod or horsetail. Comprising about 4000 living species, of which more than three-fourths are confined to tropical regions. Order I. FILICALES. Spores, all of one kind and size, produced in sporanges, which are borne on the back of a leaf, in spikes or panicles. Vernation erect, or inclined ; sporanges in spikes, or panicles, opening by a transverse slit. Fam. i. Ophioglossacece. Vernation coiled ; sporanges reticulated, usually provided with a ring (annulus). Sporanges opening vertically. Sporanges panicled, with a rudimentary ring ; marsh ferns. Fam. 2. Osmundacea. Sporanges sessile on a filiform receptacle : leaves filmy, translucent. Fam. 3. Hymenophyllacea. Sporanges ovoid, in panicles, or spikes, with a vertical ring. Fam. 4, Schiz erect, the axis extending beyond the sporanges into a point. In moist meadows and thickets, Pr. Edw. Isl. to Alaska, south to Fla. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Aug. 2. Ophioglossum Engelmanni Prantl. (I. F. f. la.) Rootstock cylindric ; stem 8-22 cm. high, bearing an elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic leaf which is 3-9 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm - w id e > obtuse but sharply apiculate, fleshy but becoming pel- lucid ; basal veins 13 or more, the transverse veinlets oblique, forming broad oblong-hexagonal areolse with numerous included veinlets; spike 1.5-2.5 cm. long, apiculate. In moist ground, Va. and Ind. to Mo., Tex. and Ariz. 3. Ophioglossum arenarium E. G. Britton. (I. F. f. ib.) Rootstock slightly thickened; stem 5-18 cm. high, bearing a lanceolate leaf 2-5 cm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, with a long tapering base and an obtuse or rarely somewhat acute apex ; basal veins 5-7, the central nearly parallel with short oblique veinlets, forming long narrow areolae with few faint included veinlets near the middle of the leal and much shorter irregular ones toward the margin; spikes 1-3 cm. long, often twisted, apiculate. Gregarious in a single colony near the seashore, Holly Beach, N. J. 2. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. Fleshy plants with short erect rootstocks, and clustered fleshy roots, the bud for the succeeding year imbedded in the base of the stem. Leaf pinnately or ternately divided or compound, the sporophyll pinnate or tripinnate with sessile distinct sporanges in rows on either side of its branches, forming large panicles in some species. Veins free. Spores of various shades of yellow. [Greek, in allusion to the grape-like clusters of sporanges.] About 20 species, mostly natives of the northern hemisphere. Bud for the following year enclosed in the base of the stem. Leaf rising above the middle of the stem, small plants maturing in early summer. Vernation partly inclined in one or both portions. Leaf entire, or with 1-3 pairs of distant lunate decurrent segments. 1. B. tenebrosum* Leaf with fan-shaped segments ; sporophyll not bent in vernation. 2. B. Lunaria. Leaf pinnatifid or 2-pinnatifid."with narrow segments ; both leaf and sporo- phylls bent in vernation. 3. B. matricariafolium. Vernation wholly inclined, recurved in the fertile portion ; leaf triangular, sessile. 4. B. lanceolatum. Leaf rising from little above the rootstock. Vernation wholly straight ; bud smooth ; leaf entire, or 2-6-lobed. 5. B. simplex. Vernation inclined ; bud pilose ; leaf ample ternate. Leaf segments obliquely ovate or oblong, large, 1-2 cm.. long. 6. B. obliquum. Leaf segments laciniate, narrow, i mm. or less wide. 7. B. dissectum. Leaf segments small, 3-6 mm. wide, rounded or ovate. 8. B. matricaria:. Bud enclosed in a cavity at one side of the base of the stem ; leaf ternate, decompound, sessile at the middle of the stem. 9. B. Virginianum. I. Botrychium tenebrosum A. A. Eaton. Plant 3-20 cm. high, averaging IO-I2 cm., one-third of which is below ground ; slender, fleshy, light green or P TERID OPH YTA. 3 yellowish after fruiting, transparent when dry ; leaf above the middle of the stem, often immediately under the sporophyll, short-petioled, entire, lobed, or usually with 1-3 pairs of distant alternate lunate decurrent entire segments ; the apex emarginate or with a triangular elongation ; sporophyll usually short-stalked, simple, or rarely with one or two short, somewhat dilated branches, bearing alter- nate or nearly opposite clusters of sporanges ; spores very large, verrucose ; sporo- phyll not bent in vernation. Rich shady situations, usually among maples at the border of swamps; Mass, and N. H. to Cent. N. Y. 2. Botrychium Lunaria (L.) Sw. MOONWORT. (I. F. f. 3.) Plant very fleshy, 5-30 cm. high. Leaf usually sessile, borne at or above the middle of the stem, pinnate with 2-8 pairs of lunate or fan-shaped lobes which vary from crenate to entire and are either close and imbricated or somewhat distant ; sporophyll 2-3-pinnate, often dense, 3-5 cm. long, often about the height of the sterile ; apex only of the leaf bent over the nearly straight sporophyll in vernation. Greenland to Alaska, south to Conn., Cent. N. Y., Mich., Br. Col., and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo., mostly in fields. Also in N. Europe and Asia. June-July. 3. Botrychium matricariaefblium A. Br. (I. F. f. 4. ) Plant 5-30 cm. high, often very fleshy. Sterile portion borne above the middle of the stem, short- stalked, ovate or oblong, i-2-pinnatifid or rarely 2 -pinnate, with obtuse divisions and narrow toothed segments ; midveins disappearing by continued branching ; sporophyll 2-3-pinnate, often much branched ; spores tuberculate ; apex of both leaf and sporophyll turned downward in vernation. In grassy woods and swamps, N. S. to N. J., west to O. and Wash. Also in Europe. May-June. 4. Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Angs. (I. F. f. 6.) Plant 7-20 cm. high, somewhat fleshy. Leaf closely sessile near the summit of the stem, 2 cm. or more wide, 3-lobed or broadly triangular and 2-pinnatifid, the ultimate segments lanceolate, acute, oblique, entire or dentate ; midvein continuous, with forking veinlets ; sporophyll slightly overtopping the leaf, short -stalked, 2-3- pinnate ; sporophyll recurved its whole length with the shorter leaf reclined upon it in vernation. In meadows, woods, and swamps, N. S. to Alaska, south to N. J., O., and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. June-July. 5. Botrychium simplex E. Hitchcock. (I. F. f. 2.) Plant 5-16 cm. high, slender, very variable. Leaf ovate, obovate, or oblong, entire, lobed, or pinnately parted, borne near the base of the stem ; sporophyll a simple or slightly compound spike, sometimes reduced to only a few sporanges ; spores large for the genus, minutely tuberculate ; apex of leaf and sporophyll erect in vernation. In moist woods or meadows, Pr. Edw. Isl. to Md., west to Wyo. and Cal. Also in N. Europe. May-June. 6. Botrychium obliquum Muhl. (I. F. f. 5, as . ternatum.} Plant robust, 15 cm.~5 dm. high. Leaf rising from near the base on a stalk 2-10 cm. or more long, ternate with the three divisions nearly equal, bipinnate or somewhat tri- Einnatifid in larger forms, the ultimate segments obliquely ovate or oblong -lanceo- ite, the terminal of each division elongate, 1-2 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, the margins crenate or serrate ; sporophyll long-stalked, triquadripinnate ; bud densely pilose, both portions bent in vernation. Low woods and open places widely dis- tributed from N. B. to Fla. and Mex. and westward to Minn. Botrychium obliquum intermedium (D. C. Eaton) Underw. Plant larger, the leaf on a shorter stalk 2-5 cm. long, the leaf sometimes reaching 15 cm. each way ; lateral divisions smaller than the terminal : ultimate segments similar to the type, but mostly shorter. In low ground, N. N. Y. and N. E. 7. Botrychium dissectum Spreng. (I. F. f. 5a.) Plant 5-10 dm. high with slender fleshy stems. Leaf long-stalked from near the base of the stem, with broadly deltoid basal divisions, decompound ; secondary pinnae lanceolate from a broader base, pinnate with laciniate and deeply cut pinnules, the ultimate divisions divergent, often 2-toothed at their apices, usually less than I mm. wide ; sporophyll long-stalked 2-3-pinnate ; bud pilose, enclosed in the base of the stem, both por- tions bent in vernation. Rare in E. Mass, and common from S. N. E. southward to Va., inland to Ind. and Ky. 8. Botrychium matricariae (Schrank) Spreng. Plant 10-15 cm. high, with slender fleshy stems. Leaf moderately short-stalked, ternate, small, 3-5 cm. wide and high, the three divisions similar, bipinnatifid or bipinnate ; ultimate segments 4 FLORA. small, 3-6 mm. wide, rounded or somewhat obliquely ovate, the margins undulate or crenate ; sporophylls rather long-stalked for the size of the plant, 2-3-pinnate with large sporanges ; bud pilose. In old meadows, N. N. E. and N. Y. and northward; also in Europe. 9. Botrychium Virginianum (L.) Sw. (I. F. f. 7.) Plant 2-6 dm. high, the stem slender but fleshy. Leaf nearly or quite sessile above the middle of the stem, spreading, thin, ternate with the primary divisions pinnate to 2 -pinnate and the segments i-2-pinnatifid ; ultimate segments oblong, more or less toothed near the apex ; epidermal cells flexuous ; sporophyll long-stalked, 2-3-pinnate ; bud for the following year pilose, enclosed in a glabrous cavity at one side of the lower part of the stem ; sporophyll recurved its whole length, the leaf reclined upon it in vernation. In rich woods, N. S. to Fla., west to Br. Col. and Ariz. Also in Europe and Asia. June-July. Family 2. OSMUNDACEAE R. Br. Large ferns with stout often erect rootstocks, 1-2 pinnate leaves which are coiled in vernation, the veins free, mostly forked, running to the margins of the pinnules or lobes. Sporanges large, globose, with mere traces of an elastic ring of cells or none, borne on modified contracted pinnae or in clusters (sori) on the lower surfaces of the pinnules. Three genera ; only one American. i. OSMUNDA L. Tall swamp ferns, growing in large crowns, with the fertile (spore -bearing) portions very much contracted, the short-pedicelled naked sporanges on the mar- gins of their rachis-like divisions, which are destitute of chlorophyll. Veins forked, regular and prominent. Sporanges thin, reticulated, opening by a longitudinal cleft into two halves, a few parallel thickened cells near the apex representing the rudimentary transverse ring. Spores green. [From Osmunder, a name for the god Thor.] Six species, mostly of the north temperate zone. Leaves bipinnate, fertile at the apex. i. O. regalts. Sterile leaves bipinnatifid. Pinnae of sterile leaf with a tuft of tomentum at base ; fertile leaf distinct from sterile. 2. O. cinnamomea. Pinnas of sterile leaf without a tuft of tomentum at base ;, leaves fertile in the middle. 3. O. Claytoniana, 1. Osmunda regalis L. ROYAL FERN. (L F. f. 8.) Rootstock stout, bearing a cluster of several tall bipinnate leaves, 6 dm. -2 m. high, and 3 dm. or more wide. Pinnae 1.5-3 dm. long, 5-10 cm. wide, the pinnules oblong-ovate or lanceolate-oblong, sessile or slightly stalked, glabrous, finely serrulate, especially ne.jr the apex and occasionally crenate towards the truncate, oblique or cordate basle ; sporophylls linear-cylindric, panicled at the summit, withering and shriv- elling with age, greenish before maturity, but becoming dark brown after the spores have fallen. In swamps and marshes, N. B. to Fla., N. W. Terr., Neb. and Miss. Also in Mexico, Europe and Asia. May-July. 2. Osmunda cinnamomea L. CINNAMON FERN. (I. F. f. 9.) Rootstock very large, widely creeping, bearing a circular cluster of sterile leaves with one or more fertile ones within. Stipes 3 dm. or more long, clothed with ferruginous tomentum when young, glabrous when old ; sterile leaves 3 dm.-i m. long, glabrous when mature, except a small tuft of tomentum at the base of each pinna ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid into oblong obtuse segments ; sporophyll contracted, bipinnate, soon withering ; sporanges cinnamon-colored after the copious green spores have been discharged. In wet places, N. S. to Minn., to Fla. and Mex. Forms occur with leaves variously intermediate between the fertile and sterile ; some being sterile at the apex, others in the middle, others on one side only. May-June. 3. Osmunda Claytoniana L. CLAYTON'S FERN. (I. F. f. 10.) Rootstock stout, bearing a circle of 2-pinnatifid leaves 6 dm. -2 m. high, 1.5-2.5 dm. wide ; sterile pinnae without tufts of tomentum at the base, linear-lanceolate, deeply P TERID OPHYTA . 5 cleft into oblong obtuse segments, some of the leaves contracted in the middle and bearing 2-5 pairs of sporophylls with dense, cylindric divisions which are green- ish at first, afterwards dark brown, finally withering ; leaves clothed with tomen- tum when young, glabrous when mature, the fertile ones taller than the sterile, and finally widely recurving. In moist places, Newf. to Minn., N. C. and Mo. Also in India. May-July. Family 3. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Gaud. Membranous, mostly small ferns with filiform or slender creeping root- stocks. Leaves usually much divided. Sporanges sessile on a filiform, usually elongated receptacle, surrounded by a transverse ring which opens vertically. Several genera, comprising some 200 species, very abundant in tropical regions. i. TRICHO'MANES L. Delicate filmy ferns, the leaves usually much divided. Sporanges flattened, surrounded by a broad entire transverse ring opening vertically, sessile on the lower part of the slender filiform receptacle. Receptacle surrounded by a tubular or funnel-shaped indusium which is truncate or slightly 2 -lipped. [Greek, in al- lusion to the thin hair-like segments of some species. ] About 100 species, mostly of tropical regions. i. Trichomanes radicans Sw. BRISTLE FERN. (L F. f. n.) Rootstock filiform, wiry, tomentose, creeping. Stipes (petioles) ascending, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, naked or nearly so; leaves 5-2 cm. long, 1.5 3. 3 cm. wide, membranaceous, lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate, 2-3-pinnatifid ; pinnae ovate, obtuse, the upper side of the cuneate base parallel with or appressed to the narrowly winged rachis ; segments toothed or cut into linear divisions ; indusia terminal on short lobes, 1-4 on a pin- nule, the mouth slightly 2-lipped, receptacle more or less exserted. On wet rocks. Ky. to Fla. and Ala. and widely distributed through the tropics. Family 4. SCHIZAEACEAE Reichenb. Ferns of various habit, with simple or pinnate leaves. Sporanges borne in spikes or panicles, ovoid, sessile, provided with an apical ring, opening vertically by a longitudinal slit. Several genera and about 100 species, mainly tropical. Sporanges in close 2-ranked spikes ; leaves filiform or linear. I. Schtzaea. Sporanges in ample panicles ; pinnules palmate. 2. Lygodium* i. SCHIZAEA J. E. Smith. Small slender ferns with filiform or linear leaves, the fertile distinct from the sterile. Sporanges sessile in close distichous spikes along the single vein of the narrow divisions of the sporophylls, provided with a complete apical ring. [Greek, in allusion to the cleft leaves of some species.] A genus of 19 species, of wide dis- tribution, mostly tropical. i. Schizaea pusilla Pursh. CURLY-GRASS. (I. F. f. 12.) Sterile leaves linear, slender and tortuous. Sporophylls longer, 7-12 cm. high, the fertile portion terminal, consisting of about 5 pairs of crowded pinnae, forming a distichous spike; sporanges ovoid or pyriform, sessile in two rows along the single vein of the narrow incurved linear divisions of the fertile leaf, partially concealed by its incurved margins, which are hooded at the apex and ciliate ; ring apical, the sporanges opening by a vertical slit. In wet soil, pine-barrens of N. J. and in N. S. and Newf. Rare and local. Aug.- Sept. 2. LYGODIUM Sw. Twining or climbing ferns, the lower divisions sterile, variously stalked and lobed, the fertile terminal, panicled. Sporanges ovoid, solitary or in twos in the axils of imbricated scale-like indusia, provided with an apical ring, opening vcrti- 6 FLORA. cally. Indusia fixed by their broad bases to short oblique veinlets. [Greek, in al- lusion to the flexible stipes. 1 About 20 species, mostly tropical. i. Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. CLIMBING FERN. HARTFORD FERN. (I. F. f. 13.) Rootstock slender, creeping. Stipes slender, flexible and twining; leaves 4-10 dm. long, their short alternate branches 2-forked, each fork bearing a nearly orbicular 4-7-lobed pinnule which is more or less cordate at the base with a narrow sinus ; surfaces naked ; fertile pinnules contracted, several times forked, forming a terminal panicle ; sporanges solitary, each covered by a scale-like in- dusium. In moist thickets and open woods, N. H. and Mass, to Penn., Fla. and Term. ; rare. Summer. Family 5. POLYPODIACEAE R. Br. Fern Family. Ferns of various habit, the rootstocks horizontal and often elongate, or short and erect, the leaves entire, pinnate, pinnatifid or decompound, coiled in vernation. Sporanges borne in clusters (sori) on the lower side or margins of the leaves or their segments, stalked, provided with a ver- tical ring, opening transversely. Sori with or without a membranous covering (indusium). Prothallium green. About 200 genera and 3000 species of wide distribution. Leaves all flat, or their edges only slightly revolute. Sori without indusia. Sori roundish or not more than twice as long as broad. Stipes articulated to the rootstocks ; leaves in our species pinnatifid. i. Poly podium. Stipes not articulated to the rootstocks ; leaves in our species 2-3-pinnatifid or ternate. 14. Phegopteris. Sori linear and marginal. 2. Notholaena. Sori with marginal indusia formed of the more or less altered edge of the leaf. Sporanges at the ends of veins, borne on a reflexed portion of the leaf. 3. Adiantum. Sporanges borne on a continuous vein-like receptacle which connects the apices of the veins. 4. Pteridium. Sporanges at or near the ends of unconnected veins. Leaves of two forms ; stipes pale. 5. Cryptogramma. Leaves uniform ; stipes usually dark-colored. Sori mostly forming a continuous indusium around the segment. 6. Pellaea. Sori minute ; indusium usually interrupted, if continuous the seg- ments small and bead-like. 7. Chetlanthes. Sori dorsal or marginal, provided with special indusia. Sori linear or oblong ; indusia more than twice as long as broad. Sori in chain-like rows parallel to the midribs or rachises. 8. Woodwardia. Sori all oblique to the midrib or rachises ; veins free. Sori single on the upper side of a veinlet or rarely crossing it. 9. Asplenium. Sori confluent in pairs with an apparently double indusium opening in the middle ; leaf simple. 10. Phyllitis. Sori partly parallel to the midrib, partly oblique ; veins united. ii. Camptosonts. Sori roundish, indusia less than twice as long as broad. Indusium superior. Indusium orbicular, peltate, fixed by the centre. 12. Polystichuin. Indusium reniform or orbicular with a narrow sinus by which it is attached to the leaf. 13. Dryopteris. Indusium delicate, partly inferior, fixed by a broad base and enclosing the sorus like a hood. 15. Filix. Indusium wholly inferior. Indusium roundish or stellate. 16. Woodsia. Indusium cup-shaped or somewhat 2-valved. 17. Dennstaedtta. Spore-bearing leaves closely rolled together with necklace-like segments. Leaves with free veins ; rootstock stout, erect. 18. Mateuccia. Leaves with anastomosing veins ; rootstock creeping with scattered leaves. 19. Onoclea, PTERIDOPHYTA. 7 I. POLYPODIUM L. Pinnate or simple ferns with stipes articulated to the creeping rootstocks. Sori hemispheric, dorsal, in one or more rows on either side of the midribs. Indusium none. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring which bursts trans- versely. Veins free in the northern species. [Greek, in allusion to the branched rootstocks of some species.] About 350 species, of wide distribution, mostly tropical. Lower surface of the leaf glabrous ; plant green. i. P. vulgare. Lower surface of the leaf densely scaly ; plant grayish. 2. P. polypodioides^ 1. Polypodium vulgare L. POLYPODY. (I. F. f. 71.) Rootstock widely creeping, densely covered with cinnamon-colored scales. Stipes light-colored, gla- brous, 5-15 cm. long ; leaves ovate-oblong or narrowly oblong in outline, sub- coriaceous, evergreen, glabrous on both surfaces, 7-25 cm. long, 2.5-4.5 cm. wide, cut nearly to the rachis into entire or slightly toothed, obtuse or subacute, linear or linear-oblong segments ; sori large, borne about midway between the midrib and the margins of the segments ; veins free. On rocks or rocky banks, almost throughout N. Am. , Asia and Europe. Forms with the ends of the segments enlarged, somewhat palmately lobed, and the upper crested are known as var. cristatum. Forms with the segments broad and deeply pinnatifid are called var. Cambricum. 2. Polypodium polypodioides (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. (I. F. f. 72.) Rootstock widely creeping, woody, covered with small brown scales. Stipes densely scaly, 2.5- 4.5 cm. long ; leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline, acute, coriaceous, evergreen, 3-15 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, cut very nearly or quite to the rachis into entire oblong or linear-oblong obtuse segments, glabrous or nearly so on the upper surface, the lower densely covered with gray peltate scales with darker centres, as are also the rachises ; veins indistinct, unconnected, and usually once forked. On trees or rarely on rocks, Pa. to Va. and Fla., west to 111., Mo. and Tex., and throughout tropical America. 2. NOTHOLAENA R. Br. Mostly small rock-loving ferns, with i-3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves and marginal roundish or oblong sori, which are at first distinct but soon confluent into a narrow band. Indusium none, but the sporanges are sometimes at first covered by the inflexed margin of the leaf. Veins free. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical transversely bursting ring. Lower surface of the leaf often covered with a white or yellow waxy powder, or in some species with a dense tomentum. [Greek in allusion to the woolly lower surfaces.] About 40 species, of wide dis- tribution, most numerous in America. Besides the following, some 13 others are found in the mountainous portions of the southwestern U. S. I. Notholaena dealbata (Pursh) Kunze. (I. F. f. 70.) Rootstock short, chaffy with narrow brown scales. Stipes tufted, wiry, very slender, shining, dark brown, 2.5-4.5 cm. long ; leaves triangular-ovate in outline, acute, broadest at the base, 2.5-10 cm. long, 3 -pinnate, the rachis black and shining ; pinnae ovate, the lower slender-stalked; ultimate pinnules ovate or obovate, obtuse, lobed, crenate or entire, small, scarcely 2 mm. long, white and powdery on the lower surface. On calcare- ous rocks, Mo. and Kan. to Ariz, and Tex. 3. ADIANTUM L. Graceful ferns of rocky hillsides, woods, and ravines, with much divided leaves and short marginal sori borne on the under side of the reflexed and altered portion of the pinnule, which serves as an indusium. Stipes and branches of the leaves very slender or filiform, polished and shining. [Name ancient.] A genus of 80 or 90 species, mostly of tropical America. Leaves 2-pinnate, ovate-lanceolate in outline. i. A. Capillus-Veneris. Leaves dichotomously forked with pinnate branches. 2. A. pedatum. i. Adiantum Caplllus-Veneris L. VENUS-HAIR FERN. (I. F. f. 59.) Root- stock creeping, rather slender, chaffy with light-brown scales. Stipes very slender, black or nearly so, shining, 7-22 cm. long; leaves ovate-lanceolate in outline, bi- 8 FLORA. pinnate below, simply pinnate above, membranous, commonly drooping, 1.5-6 dm. long, 1-3 dm. wide at the base; pinnules and upper pinnse wedge-obovate or rhomboid, rather long-stalked, glabrous, the upper margin rounded and more or less incised, crenate or dentate-serrate, except where it is recurved to form the in- dusia. In ravines, Va. to Fla., west to Mo., S. Dak. and Cal. Widely distributed. 2. Adiantum pedatum L. MAIDEN-HAIR FERN. (I. F. f. 60.) Rootstock slender, creeping, chaffy, rooting along its whole length. Stipes 2-4.5 dm. lon g> dark chestnut-brown, polished and shining, dichotomously forked at the summit; leaves obliquely orbicular in outline, 2-4.5 dm. broad, the pinnse arising from the upper sides of the two branches of the stipe, somewhat radiately arranged, the larger ones 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 2.5-5 cm ' wide; pinnules oblong, triangular- oblong, or the terminal one fan-shaped, short-stalked, the lower margin entire and slightly curved, the upper margin cleft, lobed or dentate, bearing the linear-oblong, often short sori. In woods, N. S. to Br. Col., south to Ga., Ark., Utah and Cal., in Alaska and W. Asia. 4. PTERIDIUM Scop. Large, mostly coarse ferns, growing in open sunny places, with variously di- vided leaves, and marginal linear continuous sori which occupy a slender or fili- form receptacle, connecting the tips of free veins. Indusium membranous, formed of the reflexed margin of the leaf. Stipes continuous with the rootstock. [Greek name for ferns, from the fancied resemblance of their leaves to the wings of birds.] About 100 species of wide distribution, mostly of warm and tropical regions. I. P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. BRAKE. BRACKEN. (I. F. f. 61.) Rootstock stout, woody, horizontal. Stipes 3-6 dm. long, straw-colored or brownish; leaves 6-12 dm. long. 3-9 dm. wide, usually glabrous, ternate, the three branches each bipinnate; upper pinnules undivided, the lower more or less pinnatifid. In sunny places, distributed over nearly the whole of N. Am. \Pteris aquilina L.] P. aquilinum pseudocaud&tum Clute. Pinnules sometimes linear and entire, or with the segments less crowded and the terminal lobe attenuate, narrow and entire. In sandy soil, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. 5. CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br. ROCK-BRAKK. Light green, alpine and arctic ferns with leaves of two kinds, the segments of the sterile much broader than those of the fertile, the sporanges in oblong or roundish sori, which are at length confluent and cover the backs of the fertile pin- nules. Indusium formed of the somewhat altered margin of the pinnule, at first reflexed to the midrib, so that the segments appear pod-like, at length opening out flat. Sporanges borne at or near the ends of unconnected veins. [Greek, in allu- sion to the hidden sporanges.] Two species. 1. Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. (I. F. f. 62.) Rootstock stout, short, chaffy. Stipes slender, densely tufted, straw-colored, 5-15 cm. long, chaffy below; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, thin, glabrous, 2-3 -pinnate, the sterile shorter than the fertile, their ultimate segments and pinnules crowded, ovate, oblong or obovate, obtuse, crenate or slightly incised; fertile leaves with linear or linear-oblong segments 6-12 mm. long, 2 mm. or less wide, the margins involute to the midrib at first, expanded at maturity and exposing the light brown sporanges. Forming dense patches among rocks, Lab. and Hudson Bay to Alaska, south to Lakes Huron and Superior, Colo., and Cal. 2. Cryptogramma Stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl. (I. F. f. 63.) Rootstock slender, creeping, threadlike, somewhat scaly. Stipes scattered, 5-8 cm. long, straw-col- ored or pale brown, slightly chaffy below; leaves thin-membranous, ovate in out- line, 5-13 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm< wide, 2-3 -pinnate or pinnatifid above, the fertile taller than the sterile and with narrower pinnules and segments; pinnae lanceolate- deltoid, cut to the rachis into a few blunt or subacute slightly lobed or entire seg- ments; indusium broad, continuous; veins of the fertile leaves mostly only one- forked, everywhere apparent and conspicuous. On rocks, preferring limestone, Lab. to Br. Col., south to Mass., Penn., Iowa and Colo. Also in Asia. \Pellaea Stelleri Watt.] P TERID OPH YTA. 9 6. PELLAEA Link. CLIFF-BRAKB. Rock-loving ferns of small or medium size with pinnate or pinnatifid leaves and intramarginal sori borne on the ends of unconnected veins, at length confluent and forming a marginal line. Indusium commonly broad and membranous, formed of the reflexed margins of fertile segments which are more or less modified and mem- branous. Fertile and sterile leaves similar. Stipes usually dark-colored. [Greek, in allusion to the dark-colored stipes.] About 55 species, of wide distribution. Leaves pinnate or 2-pinnate with large pinnules. i. P. atropurpurea. Leaves small, 3-pinnate, the pinnules narrow. 2. P. densa. 1. Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link. (I. F. f. 64.) Rootstock short, densely clothed with rusty hair-like scales. Stipes tufted, 5-15 cm. long, dark purple or nearly black; leaves coriaceous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, 1-3 dm. long, 5-15 cm. wide, simply pinnate or 2-pinnate below; rachis dark -brown or purple, glabrous or pubescent; pinnules and upper pinnae 2.5-5 cm - l n g? glabrous, 6 mm. or less wide, short-stalked or sessile; indusium formed of the slightly altered incurved margin of the pinnules; veins obscure, commonly twice forked. On rocks, preferring limestone, Ont. to Br. Col., south to Conn., Ga., Ariz, and N. Mex. 2. Pellaea densa (Brack.) Hook. (I. F. f. 65.) Rootstock rather slender, chaffy with blackish scales. Stipes densely tufted, wiry, slender, light brown, 722 cm. long; leaves ovate or triangular-oblong in outline, 2.5-4.5 cm. long, densely 3-pinnate, the segments 6-12 mm. long, linear, nearly sessile, acuminate or mucro- nate, those of the fertile leaves tapering at each end, with narrowly recurved margins; apices of the rare sterile leaves sharply serrate, otherwise similar to the fertile ones. Mt. Albert, Gaspe, P. Q. Also from Br. Col. to Wyo. and Cal. 7. CHEILANTHES Sw. LIP-FERN. Mostly pubescent or tomentose rock-loving and small ferns with much divided leaves, the sori terminal on the veins, ultimately more or less confluent. Indusium formed of the reflexed margin of the leaf, roundish and distinct or more or less con- fluent. Sporanges often much concealed in the scales or tomentum which covers the segments in many species. [Greek, in allusion to the lipped indusia of some species.] About 65 species, of temperate and tropical regions. Leaves nearly glabrous, 2-pinnate. i. C. Alabamensis. Leaves hirsute and glandular, not tomentose ; indusia not continuous. 2. C. lanosa. Leaves more or less tomentose ; indusia mostly continuous. Leaves 5-10 cm. long ; stipes slender, at length nearly glabrous. 3. C. Feet. Leaves 1.5-4.5 dm. long ; stipes stout, densely brown-tomentose. 4. C. tomentosa. 1. Cheilanthes Alabamensis (Buckl.) Kunze. (L F. f. 66.) Rootstock creeping, rather stout and short, with slender brown scales. Stipes black, 7-18 cm. long, slender, wiry, villous at least towards the base with rusty wool; leaves lanceo- late in outline, glabrous, 5-25 cm. long, 2-pinnate; pinnae numerous, ovate-lanceo- late, acuminate, very short-stalked, the lowest usually smaller than those above; pinnules oblong or triangular-oblong, mostly acute, often auriculate on the upper side of the base, more or less toothed or incised; indusia pale, membranous, interrupted by the incising of the pinnae. On rocks, Va. to Ala., west to Ark. and Ariz. 2. Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) Watt. (I. F. f. 67.) Rootstock short, creep- ing, with pale rusty-brown scales. Stipes tufted, wiry, chestnut-brown, 5-10 cm. long, hirsute; leaves herbaceous, oblong-lanceolate in outline, 10-22 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, gradually attenuate to the apex, 2-pinnate ; pinnules somewhat distant, lanceolate -deltoid, acute, deeply pinnatifid or incised, more or less covered with almost bristly hairs and usually somewhat glandular, obtuse or subacute; sori numerous, covered by the infolded ends of the rounded or oblong lobes. On rocks, West Rock, New Haven, and southern New York to Ga., west to Mo., Ark. and Tex. 3. Cheilanthes Feei Moore. (I. F. f. 68.) Rootstock short, covered with narrow brown scales lined with black. Stipes densely tufted, slender, about as long as the leaves, at first covered with woolly hairs, at length nearly glabrous; leaves 10 FLORA. ovate -lanceolate in outline, 5-10 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, 3-pinnate or 2-pinnate with the pinnules pinnatifid, the upper surface slightly tomentose, the lower densely matted with whitish-brown woolly hairs; upper pinnae oblong-ovate, the lower deltoid, the lowest distant; ultimate segments or lobes minute, the terminal ones slightly larger than the others, all roundish or obovate and much crowded; indusium narrow. On rocks, 111., to Br. Col., Tex. and Ariz. (C. gracitis Mett.) 4. Cheilanthes tomentosa Link. (I. F. f. 69.) Rootstock stout, short, densely chaffy with light brown scales. Stipes tufted, 1-2 dm. long, rather stout, densely brown-tomentose even when mature; leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline, 3-pinnate, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, densely tomentose, especially beneath, with slender brownish- white obscurely articulated hairs; pinnae and pinnules ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the ultimate pinnules about I mm. long, the terminal ones some- times twice as large as the others; indusium pale, membranous, continuous. On rocks, Va. to Ga., west to Mo., Tex., Ariz, and Mex. 8. WOODWARDIA J. E. Smith. CHAIN-FERN. Large and rather coarse ferns of swamps or wet woods, with pinnate or nearly bi-pinnate leaves and oblong or linear sori, sunk in cavities of the leaf and arranged in chain -like rows, parallel to the margins of the pinnae. Leaves all alike or the pinnae of the fertile ones much narrower than those of the sterile. Indusia subcor- iaceous, fixed by their outer margins to a veinlet and covering the cavity like a lid. Veins more or less reticulated. [Name in honor of Thomas Jenkinson Woodward, 1745-1820, English botanist.] Six species, mostly of the north temperate zone. Leaves uniform ; veins free between the sori and the margin. i. W, Virginica. Leaves of two kinds ; veins everywhere anastomosing. 2. W. areolata. 1. Woodwardia Virginica (L.) J. E. Smith. (I. F. f. 42.) Rootstock long, stout, subterranean or creeping, chaffy. Stipes stout, 3-4.5 dm. long, nearly or quite naked, dark-colored below; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-6 dm. long, 15-22 cm. wide, pinnate; pinnae linear-lanceolate, usually alternate or some of them opposite, coriaceous, glabrous, acuminate at the apex, sessile, 7-15 cm. long, deeply pinnatifid into ovate or oblong obtuse segments, their margins minutely serrulate ; veins forming a single series of areolae on either side of the midvein, the sori borne on the outer curving veinlets; sterile and fertile leaves similar in outline. In swamps, N. S. to Ont. and Mich., south to Fla., La. and Ark. 2. Woodwardia areolata (L.) Moore. (I. F. f. 43.) Rootstock slender, creeping, chaffy. Leaves of two kinds, the fertile taller than the sterile and borne on longer stipes, 3-6 dm. high, their pinnae much contracted, narrowly linear, 7-12.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, distant, their bases connected by a very narrow wing to the rachis or quite distinct ; sterile leaves deltoid -ovate, membranous, broadest at the base, or sometimes with one or two small pinnae below, the apex acuminate, the segments lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, minutely serrulate, some- times undulate, their bases connected by a rather broad rachis-wing; veins forming numerous areolae. In swamps, Me. to Fla., La. and Ark.; also in Mich. 9. ASPLENIUM L. SPLEENWORT. Large or small ferns with entire, lobed, pinnate, 2-3 -pinnate, or pinnatifid leaves, and linear or oblong sori oblique to the midribs or rachises. Leaves mostly uniform. Veins free. Indusia straight or curved, opening towards the midribs when single. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with an elastic ring, bursting trans- versely. [Ancient Greek name ; some species were supposed to be remedies for diseases of the spleen.] A genus of some 200 species, of very wide geographic distribution. Sori straight or rarely slightly curved, attached to the upper side of a vein ; mostly small (except in No. 7). Leaves pinnatifid or pinnate below, tapering to a point. Stipes blackish below ; lobes rounded or the lowest acuminate. i. A. pinnatifidum. Stipes blackish throughout ; lobes acute or acuminate. 2, A, ebenoides. PTERIDOPHYTA. II Leaves once pinnate. Pinnae 7 mm. -8 cm. long, mostly blunt. Rachis chestnut-brown or blackish. Pinnae auricled at the upper side of the base. Pinnae opposite, oblong ; rachis dark brown or black. 3. A. parvulum. Pinnae partly alternate, lanceolate ; rachis chestnut-brown. 4. A. platyneuron. Pinnae not auricled, partly alternate, partly opposite. 5. A* Trichomanes. Rachis green ; pinnas not auricled. 6. A. vtride. Pinnae 5-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate. 7. A. angustifolium. Leaves 2-3-pinnatifid. Stipes green ; leaves ovate-deltoid ; pinnules fan-shaped, veins flabellate. 8. A. Ruta-muraria. Stipes dark at the base, green above. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, broadest near the base. 9. A. montanum. Leaves lanceolate, broadest above the middle. 10. A.fontanum. Stipes chestnut-brown throughout, as also the lower part of the rachis. ii. A. Brc^dleyi. Sori usually more or less curved, sometimes horseshoe-shaped, often crossing to the outer or lower side of the veinlet ; large ferns. Leaves 2-pinnatifid ; segments blunt, scarcely crenate. 12. A. acrostichoides. Leaves 2-pinnate ; pinnules acute, toothed or pinnatifid. 13. A. Filix-fcemina. 1. Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt. (I. F. f. 46.) Rootstock short, creeping, chaffy. Stipes tufted, polished, blackish below, green above, 5-12 cm. long, somewhat chaffy below, at least when young ; leaves broadly lanceolate in outline, 7-25 cm. long, firm, tapering upward to a long narrow tip, pinnatifid or the lower parts pinnate ; lowest pinnae or occasionally several pairs sometimes taper- ing to a point like that of the apex of the leaf ; lobes or pinnae rounded or the lowest acuminate. On rocks, N. J. and Pa. to 111., south to Ga. and Ark. 2. Asplenium ebenoides R. R. Scott. (I. F. f. 47.) Rootstock short, chaffy. Stipes blackish tufted, 4-10 cm. long ; leaves lanceolate in outline, variable in size and length, 8-25 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm - wide at the base, firm, tapering into a very long narrow acuminate apex, pinnatifid, or commonly pinnate below, the segments or pinnae lanceolate from a broad base, acute or acuminate, irregular in length, the lower sometimes shorter than those just above ; sori several on each segment, straight or slightly curved. On limestone, Conn, to Ind., south to Ala. Local ; rare except in the last-named locality. 3. Asplenium parvulum Mart. & Gal. (I. F. f. 48.) Rootstock short, chaffy with black stiff scales. Stipes tufted, blackish and shining, 2.5-5 cm - l n g> leaves rather firm, linear-oblong or linear-oblanceolate, 7-25 cm. long, 10-25 mm. wide, once pinnate ; pinnae 4-12 mm. long, mostly opposite, oblong, obtuse, entire or crenulate, auricled on the upper side and nearly sessile, the middle ones the long- est, the lower gradually shorter and reflexed ; rachis dark brown or black ; sori oblong, short, borne about midway between the midrib and the margin of the pinnae, nearly or quite straight. On limestone, Va. to Fla., west to Mo., Tex., and N. Mex. 4. Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes. (I. F. f. 49.) Rootstock short. Stipes tufted, purplish -brown and shining, 2.5-10 cm. long ; leaves linear, 2-4 cm. long, 1.2-3.5 cm. wide, firm, once pinnate, the rachis chestnut-brown ; pinnae 20-40 pairs, lanceolate, subfalcate, alternate or partly so, sessile, crenate, serrate or incised, auricled on the upper side at the base and occasionally also on the lower ; lower pinnae gradually smaller and oblong or triangular ; sori 8-12 on each side of the midrib of the pinnae, becoming crowded at maturity. On rocks and banks, preferring limestone soil, Me. and Ont. to Fla., west to Colo, and Tex. 5. Asplenium Trichomanes L. (I. F. f. 50.) Rootstock short, nearly erect, chaffy with blackish scales. Stipes densely tufted, numerous, 2.5-12 cm. long, purplish -brown and shining ; leaves linear in outline, 7-20 cm. long, 12-20 mm. wide, rather rigid, once pinnate, evergreen ; pinnae oval or roundish-oblong, in- equilateral, partly opposite, partly alternate, or nearly all opposite, cuneate at the base, the point of attachment to the dark brown rachis narrow, their margins slightly crenate ; sori 3-6 on each side of the forking and evanescent midrib, short, 12 FLORA. narrowed at either end. On rocks, preferring limestone, throughout nearly the whole of N. Am. Also in Europe and Asia. 6. Asplenium viride Huds. (I. F. f. 51.) Rootstock stout, creeping, with brown nerveless scales. Stipes numerous, densely tufted, brownish below, green above ; leaves linear-lanceolate. 5-20 cm. long, 8-20 cm. wide, once pinnate, pale green, soft, herbaceous or almost membranous; rachis green; pinnae 12-20 pairs, ovate or rhomboid, deeply crenate, obtuse, unequal sided, their upper edges nar- rowed suddenly at the base, the lower obliquely truncate ; sori oblong and num- erous or scattered and fewer. On rocks, N. B. and Vt. to Br. Col. Also in northern Europe and Asia. 7. Asplenium angustifolium Michx. (I. F. f. 52.) Rootstock stout, creep- ing, rooting throughout. Stipes growing in a crown, brownish or green above, chaff- less, 2-3 dm. long, sometimes slightly scaly toward the base ; leaves lanceolate in outline, 3-6 dm. long, once pinnate, glabrous ; pinnae 20-30 pairs, linear-lanceolate, or those of the sterile leaves lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, obtuse or truncate at the base, 5-12 cm. long flaccid, the margins entire or slightly crenulate ; fertile leaves commonly taller than the sterile, narrower, their pinnae generally much nar- rower, often falcate ; sori 20-30 on each side of the midrib, linear, crowded. In moist woods P. Q. to Wis. south to Va. and Ky. 8. Asplenium Ruta-muraria L. (I. F. f. 53.) Rootstock short, ascending. Stipes tufted, naked, green, 5-7 cm. long ; leaves ovate or deltoid-ovate in outline, 512 cm. long, glabrous, evergreen, 2 3 -pinnate or pinnatifid above ; pinnae and pin- nules stalked ; pinnules rhombic or obovate, mostly obtuse, dentate or incised, cune- ate at the base ; veins flabellate ; sori few, linear-oblong, confluent when mature and covering nearly the whole pinnule, the indusium membranaceous and delicate. On limestone, Vt. to Mich., Conn., Ala. and Mo. Also in Europe, Asia and N. Africa. 9. Asplenium montanum Willd. (I. F. f. 54.) Rootstock short, chaffy at the summit. Stipes tufted, naked, slender, blackish at the base, 5-7 cm. long ; leaves 5-20 cm. long, ovate -lanceolate in outline, acuminate at the apex, rather firm, 1-2 pinnate ; lower pinnae longest, pinnate or pinnatifid, the lobes or seg- ments ovate or oblong ; upper pinnae less divided, merely toothed or incised ; veins obscure ; sori linear-oblong, short, the lower ones sometimes double, usually abun- dant, often confluent at maturity and concealing the narrow membranous indusia. On rocks, Conn, and N. Y. to Ga., west to O. and Ark. 10. Asplenium fontanum (L.) Bernh. (I. F. f. 55.) Rootstock short, ascending, with narrow dark scales at the apex. Stipes tufted, 2.5-7 cm. long, somewhat blackish at the base especially on the inner side, usually glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, broadest above the middle, thin, 2-3 pinnate, 7-15 cm. long. 1-3 cm. wide, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base ; pinnae 10-15 P a i rs > the segments deeply dentate with spinulose teeth ; sori only I to 4 on each segment, covered with a membranous subentire indusium, rarely confluent. On rocks, Lycoming Co., Pa., and Springfield, O. Also in Europe. 11. Asplenium Bradleyi D. C. Eaton. (I. F. f. 56.) Rootstock short, chaffy with brown scales. Stipes tufted, slender, 5-7 cm. long, chestnut-brown; leaves oblong -lanceolate or oblong, acuminate at the apex, not narrowed at the base, pinnate with 8-12 pairs of short-stalked or sessile, oblong-ovate pinnae, the lower again pinnatifid or pinnate with oblong obtuse lobes or pinnules, which are toothed at the apex, the upper pinnatifid with dentate or nearly entire lobes; rachis brown; sori short, borne near the midrib, covered with the narrow indusium until maturity. On rocks, often preferring limestone, N. Y. to Ga. and Ala., west to Ark. Local. July-Sept. 12. Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. (I. F. f. 57.) Rootstock sinuous, creep- ing. Stipes 2-3 dm. long, straw-colored, somewhat chaffy below at least when young ; leaves lanceolate in outline, 3-9 dm. long, 1.5-3 dm. wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base, pinnate-pinnatifid ; pinnae linear- lanceolate, sessile, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid into numerous oblong obtuse or subacute, slightly crenate segments; sori crowded, slightly curved or straight, the lower ones often double; indusium light-colored and somewhat shining when young. In rich moist woods, N. S. to Minn., south to Ga. and Ala. Also in E. Asia. 13. Asplenium Filix-foemina (L.) Bernh. (I. F. f. 58.) Rootstock creep- ing, rather slender for the size oi the plant. Stipes tufted, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, PTERIDOPHYTA. 13 straw-colored, brownish or reddish; leaves broadly oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceo- late, acuminate at the apex, 3-9 dm. long, bipinnate; pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, short-stalked or the upper ones sessile, 1-2 dm. long; pinnules oblong -lanceolate, incised or serrate, their lobes or teeth often again toothed, those toward the ends oi the pinnae confluent by a very narrow margin to the secondary rachis ; sori short, the indusia straight or variously curved, sometimes horseshoe-shaped. In woods, thickets, and by walls and fences, N. S. to Alaska, south to Fla., La., and Ariz. Also in Europe and Asia. 10. PHYLLITIS Hill, 1756. [Scolopendrium Adans. 1763.] Large ferns with oblong or strap-shaped mostly entire leaves, and linear elongated sori which are almost at right angles to the midrib and contiguous in pairs, one on the upper side of a veinlet, the other on the lower side of the next contiguous veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening longitudinally along its middle. Five species, mainly of temperate regions. Only the following is known to occur in N. Am. [Greek name of the Harts-tongue.] i. Phyllitis Scolopendrium (L.) Newman. HARTS-TONGUE. (I. F. f. 44.) Rootstock short, chaffy with light brown scales. Stipes 5-15 cm. long, fibrillose- chaffy below or sometimes up to the base of the leaf ; leaves entire, bright green, firm, 2-4.5 dm. l n g> 2 -5-6 cm. wide, cordate at the base, the margins entire or undulate, the lower surface of the midrib sometimes chaffy; pairs of sori distinct, 4-15 mm. long; conspicuous on the lower surface, the sporanges dark brown at maturity; veins free, usually once forked near the midrib. On shaded cliffs of the corniferous limestone, Chittenango Falls and Jamesville, N. Y. ; near South Pitts- burg, Tenn. ; Owen Sound, Ont., N. B. and Mex. Widely distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa. 11. CAMPTOSORUS Link. Slender ferns with tapering simple entire or undulate leaves, bearing linear or oblong sori several times longer than broad, irregularly scattered on either side of the reticulate veins or sometimes crossing them, partly parallel to the midrib and partly oblique to it, the outer ones more or less approximate in pairs. Indusium membranous. [Greek, referring to the bent or curved sori. ] Two species. i. Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link. WALKING-FERN. (I. F. f. 45.) Rootstock short, usually creeping, chaffy. Stipes light green, 2.5-15 cm. long, tufted, spreading ; leaves rather thin, lanceolate, simple, long-acuminate at the apex, cordate, hastate or rarely narrowed at the base, 10-25 cm. long, sometimes with a more or less elongated pair of basal auricles ; tip of the leaf and sometimes the tip of one or both of the basal auricles rooting and forming a new plant by the ultimate withering away of its tissue, but commonly two or sometimes as many as four plants are found connected; sori usually numerous, irregularly scattered on the lower surface. On rocks, preferring limestone, P. Q. to Ont. and Minn., south to N. Car. and Kan. 12. POLYSTICHUM Roth. Coarse pinnate or bipinnate ferns growing from an erect rootstock, with round sori usually borne on the backs of the veins, the sterile and fertile leaves similar in outline. Indusium superior, centrally peltate, orbicular. Stipe continuous, not jointed with the rootstock. Veins free. [Greek, signifying many rows, without obvious application. ] Some 45 species of wide distribution. Leaves once pinnate. Stipes short ; lower pinnas much reduced. I. P. Lonchitis. Stipes longer ; lower pinnae usually little reduced. 2. P. acrostichoides. Leaves 2-pinnate. 3. P. Braunii. i. Polystichum Lonchitis (L.) Roth. HOLLY-FERN. (I. F. f. 26.) Rootstock short, stout, densely chaffy. Stipes 2.5-12.5 cm. long, bearing large dark brown scales with some smaller ones ; leaves rigid, evergreen, narrowly lanceolate in outline, once pinnate ; pinnae broadly lanceolate-falcate, 2.5-5 cm - l n g> acute or acuminate at the apex, strongly auricled on the upper side at the base and obliquely truncate on the lower, densely spinulose-dentate, the lowest commonly triangular 14 FLORA. and shorter"; sori large, at length contiguous, borne nearer the margin than the midrib. On rocks, Lab. to Alaska, south to Ont. and Br. Col., and in the Rocky Mts. to Utah. Also in N. Europe and Asia. 2. Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. CHRISTMAS FERN. (I. F. f. 27.) Rootstock stout, creeping. Stipes 12-16 cm. long, densely chaffy ; leaves lanceolate, 1.5-6 dm. long, 7-12 cm. wide, rigid, evergreen, subcoriaceous, once pinnate ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, somewhat falcate, 2.5-7 cm. long, acutish at the apex, half halberd-shaped at the base, bristly with appressed teeth, the lower scarcely smaller ; fertile fronds contracted at the summit, bearing the large con- tiguous sori near the middle, which soon cover the whole lower surface. In woods and rocky places, N. B. and N. S. to Fla., west to Ont., Wis., and Miss. July- Aug. Forms with cut-lobed or incised pinnae are known as var. Sckweinitzii ; occasional forms are 2-pinnatifid. 3. Polystichum Braunii (Spenner) Fee. (I. F. f. 28.) Rootstock stout. Stipes 10-12 cm. long, chaffy with both broad and narrow brown scales ; leaves oblong- lanceolate, not coriaceous, 2-pinnate, the rachis chaffy, at least below ; pinnae numerous, close together, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, broadest at the base, cut to the midvein into ovate or oblong pinnules ; middle pinnae 6-10 cm. long, the lower gradually shorter ; pinnules truncate and nearly rectangular at the base, acute or obtuse, sharply toothed and beset with long soft hairs and scales ; sori small, mostly nearer the midvein than the margin. In rocky woods, Quebec to Alaska, south to Me., the mountains of Penn., Mich, and Br. Col. Aug. 13. DRYOPTERIS Adans. SHIELD-FERN. Ferns with 2-3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves and round sori usually borne on the backs of the veins, the fertile and sterile leaves similar in outline. Indusium flattish, cordate reniform, superior, fixed by its sinus. Stipe continuous, not jointed with the rootstock. Veins free. [Greek, signifying oak-fern, in allusion to the forest habitat of most species.] About 150 species, of wide distribution. Texture thin-membranous ; veins simple or once forked ; leaves pinnatifid. Lower pinnae very much reduced. i. D. Noveboracensis. Lower pinnae little smaller than the middle ones. Veins i-2-forked ; sori crowded, 10-12 to a segment. 2. D. Thelypteris. Veins simple ; sori larger, distant, 4-10 to a segment. 3. D, simulata. Texture firmer, sometimes subcoriaceous ; veins forking freely. Leaves 2-pinnatifid or 2-pinnate ; segments not spinulose. Leaves small, narrowly lanceolate. 4. D.fragrans. Leaves larger, mostly 0.4-1.6 m. high. Indusia large, thinnish and flat. Pinnae widest at the base. 5. D. cristata. Pinnae widest at the middle. 6. D. Goldieana. Indusia convex, without marginal glands. Sori near the margin. 7. D. marginalis. Sori near the midvein. 8. D. Filix-mas. Leaves 2-pinnate or 3-pinnatifid ; segments spinulose-toothed. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, usually not narrowed below ; scales of stipes usually with a dark centre. 9. D. spinulosa. Leaves elongated-lanceolate, usually narrowed at the base ; scales of the stipes pale brown. 10. D. Boottii. 1. Dryopteris Noveboracensis (L.) A. Gray. (I. F. f. 29.) Rootstock slender, creeping. Leaves lanceolate, tapering both ways from the middle, 3-6 dm. long, 10-15 cm. wide, membranous, long-acuminate at the apex, once pinnate; pinnae lanceolate, sessile, long-acuminate, deeply pinnatifid, ciliate and finely pubescent beneath, 3-7 cm. long, the two or more lower pairs gradually shorter and deflexed, commonly distant ; segments flat, oblong, obtuse, the basal ones often enlarged ; veins simple or those of the basal lobes forked; sori not confluent, borne near the margin; indusium minute, reniform, delicate, glandular. In moist woods, Newf. to Ont. and Minn., south to Ga., Ala. and Ark. 2. Dryopteris Thelypteris (L.) A. Gray. (I. F. f. 30.) Rootstock slender, creeping. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, scarcely narrower at the base than at the middle, 3-8 cm. long, 10-15 cm - wide, short-acuminate, membranous, once PTERIDOPHYTA. 1 5 pinnate ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, short-stalked or sessile, mostly horizontal, acuminate at the apex, nearly truncate at the base, 3-7 cm. long, slightly pubescent beneath, deeply pinnatifid ; segments oblong, obtuse or appearing acute from the strongly revo- lute margins; veins regularly once or twice forked; sori crowded, 10-12 to each segment ; indusia reniform, slightly glandular or glabrous. In marshes, N. B. to Manitoba, south to Fla. and Tex. Also in Europe and Asia. 3. Dryopteris simulata Davenp. (I. F. f. 31.) Rootstock wide-creeping, brownish; stipes 1.5-5 dm. long, straw-colored, dark brown at base, with deciduous scales; leaves 2-5 dm. long, 5-16 cm. wide, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to an acu- minate apex (abruptly tapering in the fertile leaf), little or not at all narrowed at the base; pinnae 12-20 pairs, lanceolate, pinnatifid, the segments obliquely oblong, obtuse, entire, slightly revolute in the fertile leaf; surfaces finely pubescent, espe- cially near the midribs; texture rather thin; veins simple, nearly straight; sori rather large, somewhat distant, 4-10 to each segment; indusia finely glandular at the margins, withering-persistent. In woodland swamps, Me. to Conn, and N. Y. 4. Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott. (I. F. f. 32.) Rootstock stout, with brown shining scales. Stipes 5-10 cm. long, chaffy; leaves lanceolate, firm, glandular, and aromatic, pinnate or nearly bipinnate, acuminate at apex, narrowed to the base, 7-30 cm. long; pinnae deeply pinnatifid, numerous, lanceolate, acute, 1.2-3 cm. long ; segments oblong, obtuse, dentate or nearly entire, nearly covered by the large sori; indusium thin, nearly orbicular, persistent long after the sporanges have matured, its margin ragged and sparingly gland-bearing. On rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to Vt. and Wis. Also in Greenland, Europe, and Asia. 5. Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray. (I. F. f. 33.) Rootstock stout, densely chaffy. Stipes of the sterile leaves 5-12 cm. long, those of the fertile 1.5-2.5 dm. long; leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, gradually and slightly narrowed to the base, rather firm, 3-8 dm. long, 10-15 cm. wide, pinnate; pinnae lanceolate or triangular-ovate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid or the lower pinnate, the segments 6-10 pairs, serrate or incised; sori about midway between the margin and midrib; indusium thin, glabrous. In wet woods and swamps, Newf. to Manitoba, south to Ky. and Ark. Also in Europe and Asia. Dryopteris cristata Clintoniitna (D. C. Eaton) Undervv. Leaves 8-12 dm. long, with oblong-lanceolate pinnae which are broadest at the base and 10-15 cm - long J seg- ments 8-16 pairs, linear-oblong, obscurely serrate ; veins pinnately forking, bearing the sori near the midvein. Me. and Ont. to N. J., Penn. and Wis. 6. Dryopteris Goldieana (Hook.) A. Gray. (I. F. f. 34.) Rootstock stout, chaffy. Stipes 2.5-4.5 dm. long, chaffy at least below ; leaves broadly ovate, rather firm, 6-12 dm. long, usually 3 dm. or more wide, glabrous or nearly so, dark green above, pinnate or nearly 2 -pinnate ; lower pinnae broadly lanceolate, widest at about the middle, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 2.5-5 cm ' wide, parted into about 20 pairs of oblong-linear subfalcate segments which are serrate with appressed teeth ; sori very near the midrib, close together but distinct, large ; indusium orbicular, glabrous, persistent. In rich woods, N. B. to Minn., south to N. Car. and Tenn. 7. Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray. (I. F. .35.) Rootstock stout, ascend- ing, chaffy with dark brown shining scales. Stipes 7-20 cm. long, chaffy below ; leaves borne in a crown, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate in outline, subcoriaceous, 1.5-7.5 dm. long, pinnate or 2-pinnate, acuminate at the apex, slightly narrowed at the base ; pinnae numerous, lanceolate, nearly sessile, glabrous. 512.5 cm. long, the lower broader and shorter than the middle ones, the upper pinnatifid, the lower pinnately parted into oblong, sometimes slightly falcate obtuse entire dentate or pin- nately lobed pinnules ; sori distinct, close to the margin, covered by the glabrous indusium. In rocky woods, Pr. Edw. Isl. to Minn, south to Ga., Ala. and Ark. A hybrid with D. cristata has been described. 8. Dryopteris Filix-mas (L.) Schott. MALE FERN. (I. F. f. 36.) Rootstock stout, ascending or erect, chaffy. Stipes 10-15 cm - l n g> very chaffy below ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate at the apex, slightly narrowed to the base, 3-9 dm. long, rather firm, half evergreen, pinnate or partly 2-pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, broadest at the base, gradually acuminate to the apex, 7-15 cm. long, pinnatifid almost to the rachis or pinnately divided into oblong glabrous lobes or pinnules ; pinnules slightly dentate, incised or nearly entire ; sori large, borne near the midvein, more numerous on the lower halves of the segments ; indusium firm, 16 FLORA: convex, glabrous. In rocky woods, Lab. to Alaska, south to N. Mich, and Br. Col. Also in Greenland, Europe and Asia, and in the Andes of S. Am. 9. Dryopteris spinulosa (Retz) Kuntze. (I. F. f. 37.) Rootstock chaffy. Stipes 1.5-4.5 dm. long, bearing a few pale brown deciduous scales ; leaves ovate-lan- ceolate, 2-pinnate, the pinnae oblique to the rachis, elongated-triangular, rather thin, the lower pairs broadly triangular, slightly shorter than the middle ones ; pinnules oblique to the midrib, connected by a very narrow wing, oblong, incised or pin- natifid with spinulose-toothed lobes ; indusium glabrous. In rich woods, Newf. to Alaska and Wash., south to Ky. and Mich. Dryopteris spinulosa intermedia (Muhl.) Underw. Scales of the stipes few, brown with a darker centre ; leaves oblong-ovate, 2-3-pinnate, the pinnae oblong-lanceolate, spreading, the lowest unequally triangular-ovate ; pinnules crowded, pinnately divided \ indusium delicate, beset with stalked glands. Lab. to Alaska, south to N. Car. and Mo Dryopteris spinulosa dilatkta (Hoffm.) Underw. Scales of the stipe large, brown with a darker centre ; leaves broadly ovate or triangular-ovate, commonly 3-pinnate ; pinnules lanceolate-oblong, the lowest often much elongated ; indusium glabrous. Newf. to Wash, and Alaska, south along the Alleghenies to Ga. and Tenn. and to O. and Neb. Also in Europe and Asia. 10. Dryopteris Boottii (Tuckerm.) Underw. (I. F. f. 38.) Rootstock, ascend- ing. Stipes 2-3 dm. long, covered, at least below, with thin pale-brown scales ; leaves elongated-oblong or lanceolate in outline, thin, acuminate at the apex, slightly narrowed at the base, nearly or quite 2-pinnate, 3-7.5 dm. long, 7.5-12.5 cm. wide ; pinnae lanceolate, long-acuminate, broadest at the nearly sessile base ; pinnules broadly oblong, very obtuse, the lower pinnatifid ; sori distinct, borne about half- way between the midvein and margin ; indusium minutely glandular. In woods, N. S. to Minn., south to Del. and W. Va. Also in N. Eu. and Asia. 14. PHEGOPTERIS F<5e. Medium-sized or small ferns with 2-3 -pinnatifid or ternate leaves and small round sori borne on the backs of the veins below the apex. Stipe not jointed with the rootstock. Indusium wanting. Fertile (spore-bearing) and sterile leaves similar. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring, bursting transversely. [Greek, signifying beech-fern.] About 75 species of wide geographic distribution. Leaves triangular, 2-pinnatifid ; pinnae sessile, adnate to the winged rachis. Leaves longer than broad, usually dark green. i. /". Phegopteris. Leaves as broad as long, or broader, usually light green. 2. P. hexagonoptera. Leaves ternate, with the three divisions petioled ; rachis wingless. Divisions subequal, often deflexed at right angles to the stipe. 3. P. Dryopteris. Terminal division largest erect, the leaves thus appearing pinnate. 4. P. Robertiana. 1. Phegopteris Phegopteris (L.) Underw. (I. F. f. 39.) Rootstock slender, creeping, somewhat chaffy at least when young. Stipes 15-22 cm. long; leaves triangular, thin, mostly longer than wide, 10-25 cm - lon g> 7~ 1 5 cm - wide, acuminate at the apex, pubescent, especially on the veins beneath ; pinnae lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, sessile, broadest above the base, pin- nately parted very nearly to the rachis into oblong obtuse entire segments, the lower pair deflexed and standing forward ; basal segments, at least those of the upper pinnae, decurrent and adnate to the winged rachis. In moist woods, Newf. to Alaska, south to the mountains of Va., Mich, and Wash. Also in Europe and Asia. Aug. 2. Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fee. (I. F. f. 40.) Rootstock creep- ing, chaffy, somewhat fleshy. Stipes 2-4.5 dm. long, straw-colored, naked ; leaves triangular, as broad as or broader than long, 2-3 dm. wide, slightly pubescent and often slightly glandular beneath, acuminate at the apex ; uppermost pinnae oblong, obtuse, dentate or entire, small, the middle ones lanceolate, acuminate, the very large lowest pair broadest near the middle, pinnately parted nearly to the mid- vein into linear-oblong obtuse segments ; sori mostly near the margin. In dry Woods, Quebec to Minn., south to Fla. and La. . PTERIDOPHYTA. I/ 3. Phegopteris Dryopteris (L.) Fee. OAK-FERN. (I. F. 41.) Rootstock creeping. Stipes slender, 1-3 dm. long, chaffy at least near the base ; leaves thin, broadly triangular, almost glabrous, 1-2 dm. wide, ternate, the three primary divisions stalked, pinnate or partly bipinnate, the terminal one slightly larger, all spreading more or less at right angles to the stipe ; pinnules lanceolate or ob- long-lanceolate, obtuse to subacute, sessile ; segments oblong, obtuse, entire or crenate, close together. In moist woods and swamps, Newf. to Alaska, south to Va., Minn., Or., and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. 4. Phegopteris Robertiana (Hoffm.) A. Braun. Stipes 15-25 cm. long, straw-colored when dry ; leaves 8-20 cm. long, mostly erect, 12-18 cm. wide, del- toid-ovate, bipinnate, the lowest pinnae much the largest, pinnatifid or again pinnate; upper pinnae smaller, pinnatifid, lobed or entire; sori numerous. Lab. to la. and Idaho. Also in Europe. (Phegopteris Dryopteris Robertiana Davenp.) 15. FfLIX Adans, 1763. {Cystopteris Bernh. 1806.] Delicate rock ferns with slender stipes, 2-4-pinnate leaves, and roundish sori borne on the backs of the veins. Indusium membranous, hood-like, attached by a broad base on its inner side and partly under the sorus, early opening and some- what evanescent. Veins free. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a transversely bursting vertical ring. [Ancient name of the fern plant. ] Five species, natives of the north temperate zone. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2-3-pinnate. Leaves broadest at base, long-tapering, bearing bulblets beneath. i. F. bulbifera. Leaves scarcely broader at base, short- pointed ; no bulblets. 2. F.fragilis. Leaves deltoid-ovate, 3-4-pinnate. 3. F, montana. 1. Filix bulbifera (L.) Underw. (I. F. f. 23.) Rootstock short, rooting. Stipes 10-15 cm - l n g light-colored; leaves elongated, lanceolate from a broad base, 38 dm. long, 2 3-pinnatifid or pinnate ; pinnules crowded, toothed or pinnatifid ; rachis wingless, commonly bearing underneath , in the axils of the pinnae and seg- ments, large fleshy bulblets which fall away and propagate the plant ; indusia short, truncate on the free side, early thrown back and withering. On moist rocks, espe- cially limestone, Quebec to Wis., south to Tenn. and Ark. 2. Filix fragilis (L.) Underw. (I. F. f. 24.) Rootstock short. Stipes 10-20 cm. long; leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, slightly tapering below, 1-3 dm. long, 2-3. pinnatifid or pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate-ovate, irregularly pinnatifid, with a broad central space and bluntly or sharply toothed segments decurrent along the mar- gined or winged rachis, without bulblets ; indusia narrow or acute at the free end, early withering ; texture membranous. On rocks and in moist grassy woods, Newf. to Alaska, south to Ga. and Ariz. Almost cosmopolitan. 3. Filix montana (Lam.) Underw. (I. F. f. 25.) Rootstock widely creeping. Stipes 15-22 cm. long, slender; leaves deltoid-ovate, 3-4-pinnate, about 15 cm. long and broad, the lowest pinnae deltoid-lanceolate and much larger than the upper, their inferior pinnules 2.5-3 cm. long ; segments deeply divided into oblong lobes, deeply toothed ; sori numerous ; indusia acute, soon withering. On rocks, Lab. and Quebec to Br. Col., south to the north shore of L. Superior, and Colo. Also in N. Europe and Asia. 16. WOODSIA R. Br. Small or medium-sized ferns, growing in rocky places, with i-2-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves and round sori borne on the backs of simply forked free veins. Indusia inferior^ thin and often evanescent, roundish or stellate, either small and open or early bursting at the top into irregular lobes or segments. Stipes often jointed above the base and separating at the joint. [Name in honor of Joseph Woods, 1776-1864, English architect and botanist.] About 15 species, natives of temperate and cold regions. Indusium minute or evanescent, flat, concealed beneath the sorus, its margin cleft into slender hair-like segments. 18 FLORA. Stipes obscurely jointed near the base; cilia of the indusium inflexed over the sporanges. Leaves with more or less rusty chaff underneath. I. W. Ilvensis. Leaves glabrous or nearly so. Leaf lanceolate, not tapering below ; pinnae cordate-ovate, 5~7-lobed. 2. W. alpina. Leaf linear or linear-oblong, often tapering both ways; pinnas deltoid. 3. W. glabella. Stipes not jointed ; cilia of the indusium very short, hidden by the sporanges. Puberulent ; indusium deeply cleft, ending in hairs with cylindric cells. 4. W, scopulina. Leaves and stipes glabrous ; indusium divided to centre into beaded hairs. 5. W. Oregana. Indusium distinct, at first enclosing the sporanges, splitting into jagged lobes. 6. W. obtusa. 1. Woodsia Ilvensis (L.) R. Br. (I. F. f. 16.) Rootstock short, csespitose. Leaves lanceolate, 10-25 cm. long, glabrous above, more or less covered with rusty chaff beneath, as are also the slender stipes; pinnae crowded, sessile, pinna tely parted, the crowded segments oblong, obscurely crenate; stipes jointed near the base; sori borne near the margins of the segments, somewhat confluent when old; indusium minute, concealed beneath the sorus, its margin cleft into filiform seg- ments, which are inflexed over the sporanges and inconspicuous, especially when mature. On exposed rocks, Lab. and Greenland to Minn., south to N. Car. and Ky. Also in Europe and Asia. 2. Woodsia alpina (Bolton) S. F. Gray. (I. F. f. 17.) Rootstock short, csespi- tose. Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 15-25 cm. wide, scarcely narrower below ; pinnae cordate-ovate or triangular-ovate ; pinna tely 5-7-lobed, glabrous or very nearly so on both surfaces ; stipes jointed near the base ; sori some- what scattered on the segments; indusium as in the preceding species. On moist rocks, Lab. to Alaska, south to N. B., N. N. Y. and W. Ont. 3. Woodsia glabella R. Br. (I. F. f. 18.) Rootstock small, csespitose. Stipes obscurely jointed at the base; leaves linear or lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide; pinnae deltoid to ovate, the lower remote, obtuse, crenately lobed, often somewhat smaller than the middle ones, glabrous or nearly so; sori scattered on the segments ; indusium minute, membranous, with 6-10 radiating segments, covered by the sporanges, its filamentous segments only inflexed over them when young. On moist rocks, Lab. to Alaska, south to N. H., Vt., N. N. Y. and the north shore of L. Superior. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. 4. Woodsia scopulina D. C. Eaton. (I. F. f. 19.) Rootstock short, densely chaffy. Stipes 5-10 cm. long, not jointed, puberulent like the rachis and lower surface of the leaf with minute flattened hairs and stalked glands; leaves lanceolate, 12-25 cm. long, tapering from about the middle to both ends; pinnae numerous, oblong-ovate, pinnatifid into !O-l6 oblong toothed segments; indusium hidden beneath the sporanges, very deeply cleft into short cilia with cylindric cells. In crevices of rocks, N. Minn, and W. Ont. to Or., south in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz., and in the Sierra Nevada to Cal. Summer. 5. Woodsia Oregana D. C. Eaton. (I. F. f. 20.) Rootstock short. Stipes and leaves glabrous ; stipes not jointed, brownish below ; leaves 5-25 cm. long, elliptic-lanceolate, the sterile shorter than the fertile ; pinnae triangular-oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid; lower pinnae reduced in size and somewhat remote from the others ; rachis straw-colored ; segments oblong or ovate, dentate or crenate, the teeth often reflexed and covering the submarginal sori ; indusia minute, concealed by the sporanges, divided almost to the centre into a few beaded hairs. On rocks, N. Mich., Minn, and Manitoba to Br. Col., south in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz., and in the Sierra Nevada to Cal. July-Aug. 6. Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. (I. F. f. 21.) Rootstock short. Stipes not jointed, pale green, 7-15 cm. long ; leaves broadly lanceolate, 15-40 cm. long, minutely glandular-pubescent, nearly 2-pinnate; pinnae rather remote, triangular- ovate, or oblong, pinnately parted into obtuse oblong crenate-dentate segments ; veins forked and bearing the sori on or near the minutely toothed lobes; indusia conspicuous, at first enclosing the sporanges, at length splitting into several jagged lobes, which are much wider than those in any of the preceding species. On P TERID OPH YTA. 19 rocks, N. S. to N. N. Y., Wis. and Br. Col., south to Ga., Ala., the Ind. Terr, and Ariz. Ascends to 670 m. in Va. July-Aug. 17. DENNSTAEDTIA Bernh. Large ferns with 2-3-pinnatifid leaves, and creeping or erect rootstocks. Sori small, globular, marginal or submarginal. Sporanges borne in an elevated globular receptacle, enclosed in the membranous cup-shaped inferior indusium, which is open at the top and on the outer side adherent to a reflexed toothlet of the leaf. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely. Veins always free. [Named in honor of August Wilhelm Dennstedt, a student of the Flora of Weimar.] About 30 species of wide distribution. I. Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore. (I. F. f. 22.) Rootstock creeping, not chaffy. Stipes stout, chaffless, pale green and sweet-scented ; leaves 3- zodm. long, 12-20 cm. wide, ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, frequently long- attenuate, usually 3-pinnatifid, thin and delicate ; rachis and under surface minutely glandular and pubescent ; sori minute, each on a recurved toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe ; sporanges few ; indusium cup-shaped with a delicate membranous irregular margin. In various situations, most abundant on open hill- sides, N. B. and Ont. to Ind. and Minn, (according to Upham), south to Ala. and Tenn. Ascends to 1680 m. in Va. Aug. (Dicksonia punctilobula A. Gray.) 18. MATEUCCIA Todaro, 1866. \_Struthiopteris Willd, 1809. Not Scop. 1760.] Coarse ferns growing in a crown from an erect rootstock, with the sporophylls closely rolled together into necklace-like segments entirely unlike the broad bi- pinnatifid sterile leaves. Veins free. Three species of the northern hemisphere. i. Mateuccia Struthiopteris (L.) Todaro. OSTRICH FERN. (I. F. f. 15.) Rootstock stout, ascending, bearing a circle of sterile leaves with one or more fertile ones within. Fertile leaves 3-5 dm. high, simply pinnate with necklace- shaped pinnae which are formed of the closely revolute margins ; sori crowded and confluent ; sterile leaves 6 dm.-2 m. high, 1.5-4 dm. wide, broadly lanceolate, bi- pinnatifid, much the broadest above the middle and gradually tapering below, the lower pinnae being gradually much reduced ; veins pinnate, free and simple ; texture firm ; rootstocks stoloniferous. In moist thickets, especially along streams, N. S. to N. J., west to 111. and Br. Col. Also in Europe and Asia. 19. ONOCLEA L. Coarse ferns, with leaves growing separately from a wide creeping slender rootstock, with the sporophylls closely rolled up into berry-like segments, and en- tirely unlike the broad pinnatifid foliage leaves. Sori round, borne on the back of the veins. Indusium very thin and membranous, hemispheric or hood-shaped, fixed at the inferior side) of the sorus. Sporophylls unrolling at maturity, allowing the spores to escape, and remaining long after the sterile leaves have been killed by frost. Veins forming small areolae. [Name ancient, not originally applied to these plants.] A single species. i. Onoclea sensibilis L. SENSITIVE FERN. (I. F. f. 14.) Rootstock rather slender, rooting ; sporophylls 3-7 dm. high, persistent over winter, much contracted, and with short pinnules rolled up into berry-like closed involucres forming a narrow panicle; foliage leaves 3-13 dm. high, broadly triangular, deeply pinnatifid, the segments lanceolate -oblong, entire, undulate, or the lower pairs sinnuate-pin- natifid ; veins freely anastomosing ; lowest segments tapering both ways from the middle. In moist soil, Newf. and Ont. to Minn, and south to the Gulf. Ascends to 900 m. in Va. Various forms intermediate between sporophylls and foliage leaves occur. Sensitive to early frosts. Aug. -Nov. Order 2. SALVINlALES. Aquatic or uliginous herbs with entire or 2-lobed, filiform, or 4-folio- late leaves. Spores of two kinds and sizes (microspores and macrospores) contained in sporocarps. Plants rooting in the mud; leaves 4-foliolate or filiform. Family i. Marsileaceae. Plants floating ; leaves entire, or 8-lobed. Family 2. Salviniaceae, 20 FLORA. Family i. MARSILEACEAE R. Br. Perennial herbaceous plants rooting in mud, with slender creeping rootstocks and 4-foliolate or filiform leaves. Asexual propagation consist- ing of sporocarps borne on peduncles which rise from the rootstock near the leaf-stalk or are consoiidated with it, containing both macrospores and microspores. The macrospores germinate into prothallia which bear archegonia, while the microspores grow into prothallia bearing antheridia. Two genera and some 45 species of wide distribution. i. MARSILEA L. Marsh or aquatic plants, the leaves commonly floating on the surface of shallow water, slender-petioled, 4-foliolate. Peduncles shorter than the petioles, arising from their bases or more or less adnate to them. Sporocarps ovoid or bean- shaped, composed of two vertical valves with several transverse compartments (sori) in each valve. [Name in honor of Giovanni Marsigli, an Italian botanist, who died about 1804.] About 40 species, widely distributed. Sporocarps glabrous and purple when mature. i. M, quadrifolia. Sporocarps densely covered with hair-like scales. 2. M. vestita. 1. Marsilea quadrifolia L. EUROPEAN MARSILEA. (I. F. f. 73.) Root- stock slender, buried in the muddy bottoms of shallow lakes or streams. Petioles usually slender, 5-13 cm. high, or when submerged sometimes elongated to 3-6 dm. Leaflets mostly triangular-obovate, variable in outline, 6 16 mm. long, 412 mm. wide, glabrous or rarely with scattered hairs when young, the margins entire ; sporocarps 2 or rarely 3 on a branching peduncle, which is attached to the petiole at its base, covered with short yellowish-brown hairs when young, becom- ing glabrous and dark purple when mature ; sori 8 or 9 in each valve. Along the shores of Bantam Lake, Litchfield Co., Conn., whence it has been introduced into various parts of the country, notably into E. Mass. Also in Europe and Asia. 2. Marsilea vestita Hook & Grev. (I. F. f. 74.) Rootstock slender. Petioles slender, 5-13 cm. high; leaflets similar to those of the preceding species, entire or toothed ; sporocarps 4-8 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, with a short raphe, a short and blunt lower tooth and an acute and sometimes curved upper one, densely covered with soft spreading narrow hair-like scales, or (in the forms known as M. mucronatd) these are short and appressed or almost wanting ; sori 6 n in each valve. In wet sand or in shallow ditches, Kan. to Ariz, and Mex., north to Br. Col. Also found in Fla. Family 2. SALVINIACEAE Reichenb. Small floating plants with a more or less elongated and sometimes branching axis bearing apparently 2-ranked leaves. Sporocarps soft, thin-walled, borne 2 or more on a common stalk, i -celled, with a central often branched receptacle, which bears macrosporanges containing a single macrospore or microsporanges containing numerous microspores. The macrospores germinate into prothallia which bear archegones, the microspores into prothallia which bear antherids. The family consists of two genera. Leaves 12-18 mm. long, 2-ranked, on mostly simple stems. i. Salvinia. Leaves minute, closely imbricated on pinnately branching stems. 2. Azolla. i. SALVINIA Adans. Floating annual plants with slender stems bearing rather broad 2-ranked leaves. Sporocarps globose, depressed, 9~i4-sulcate, membranous, arranged in clusters, I or 2 of each cluster containing 10 or more sessile macrosporanges, each containing few macrospores, the others containing numerous smaller globose pedicelled microsporanges with very numerous microspores. Leaves rather dark PTERIDOPHYTA. 21 green, finely papillose on the upper surface. [Name in honor of Antonio Maria Salvini, 1633-1729, Italian scientist.] About 13 species of wide distribution. i. Salvinia natans (L.) Hoffm. (I. F. f. 75.) Leaves oblong, rather thick, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, entire, 15-30 cm. long, pinnately veined, bright green and papillose above, the lower surface densely matted with brown pellucid hairs; sporocarps 4-8 in a cluster, the upper ones containing about 10 macrosporanges, each containing a few macrospores, the remainder containing numerous microsporanges each with numerous microspores; macrospores marked with 3 obtuse lobes which meet at the apex. Bois Brule Bottoms, Perry Co., Mo., and near Minneapolis, Minn. Introduced into ponds in S. E. N. Y. Reported by Pursh in 1814 from Cent. N. Y., but his exact station is unknown. Also in Europe and Asia. 2. AZOLLA Lam. Minute moss-like reddish or green floating plants, with pinnately branched stems covered with minute imbricated 2-lobed leaves, and. emitting rootlets beneath. Sporocarps of two kinds borne in the axils of the leaves, the smaller ovoid or acorn- shaped, containing a single macrospore at the base and. a few corpuscles above it whose character is not fully known, the larger globose, producing many pedicelled sporanges, each containing several masses of microspores which are often beset with a series of anchor-like processes of unknown function. [Greek, signifying killed by drought.] About 5 species of wide geographic distribution. I. Azolla Caroliniana Willd. (I. F. f. 76.) Plants greenish or reddish, 2-4 mm. each way, deltoid or triangular-ovate, pinnately branching, sometimes covering large surfaces of water. Macrospores minutely granulate, with three accessory corpuscles ; masses of microspores armed with rigid septate processes ; leaves with ovate lobes, their color varying somewhat with the amount of direct sunlight, the lower usually reddish, the upper green with a reddish border. Floating on still water, Ont. and W. N. Y. to Br. Col., south to Fla., Ariz, and Mex. Order 3. EQUISETALES. Rush-like perennial plants, with mostly hollow jointed simple or often much-branched grooved stems, provided with a double series of cavities and usually with a large central one, the branches verticillate, the nodes provided with diaphragms. Rootstocks subterranean. Leaves reduced to sheaths at the joints, the sheaths toothed. Sporanges i- celled, clustered underneath the scales of terminal cone-like spikes. Spores all of the same size and shape, furnished with 2 narrow strap-like appendages attached at the middle, coiling around the spore when moist and spreading, when dry and mature, in the form of a cross (elaters). Epidermis impregnated with silica, rough. Prothallium on the surface of the ground, green, usually dioecious. Family i. EQUISETACEAE Michx. Horsetail Family. The family consists of the following genus : i. EQUISETUM L. HORSETAILS. SCOURING RUSHES. Characters of the order. [Name ancient, signifying horsetail, in allusion to the copious branching of several species.] About 25 species, of very wide geo- graphic distribution. Stems annual ; stomata scattered. Stems of two kinds, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile. Fertile stems simple, soon withering; sheaths of branches of sterile stems 4-toothed. i. E. arvense. Fertile stems branched when old, only the apex withering. Branches of the stem simple, their sheaths 3-toothed. 2. E. pratense* Branches compound. 3. E. sylvaticum. 22 FLORA. Stems all alike ; spores mature in summer ; branches simple or none. Sheaths rather loose; branches usually long; stems bushy below, attenuate upwards. Central cavity very small ; spike long. 4. E. palustre* Central cavity about one-half the diameter of stem ; spike short. 5. E. Httorale. Sheaths appressed ; branches usually short. 6. E. fluviatile. Stems perennial, evergreen ; spikes tipped with a rigid point ; stomata in regular rows. Stems tall, usually many-grooved. Stems rough and tuberculate, prominently ridged. Ridges with i line of tubercles ; ridges of sheath tricarinate ; stem stout. 7. E. robustum. Ridges of the stem with 2 indistinct lines of tubercles; ridges of sheath obscurely 4-carinate ; stem slender. 8. . hyemale. Stems not tuberculate ; sheaths enlarged upward. 9, E, laevigatum. Stems low, slender, tufted, usually 5-io-grooved. Central cavity small ; sheaths 5-io-toothed. 10. E. variegatnm. Central cavity none; sheaths 3-toothed. n. E. scirpoides. 1. Equisetum arvense L. FIELD HORSETAIL. (I. F. f. 77.) Stems annual, with scattered stomata, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile. Fertile stems 1-2.5 dm. high, not branched, soon withering, light brown, their loose scarious sheaths mostly distant, whitish, ending in about 12 brown acuminate teeth ; sterile stems green, rather slender, 5 cm. -6 dm. high, 6-ig-furrowed, with numerous long mostly simple verticillate 4-angled or rarely 3 -angled solid branches, the sheaths of the branches 4-toothed, the stomata in 2 rows in the furrows ; central cavity one- fifth to one -fourth the diameter of the stem. In sandy soil, especially along roadsides and railways, Newf. and Greenland to Alaska, south to Va. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. An occasional form in which the sterile stem bears a terminal spike is known as var. serotinum. 2. Equisetum pratense Ehrh. (I. F. f. 78.) Stems annual, 2-4 dm. high, with scattered stomata, the fertile appearing in spring before the sterile, branched when old, only its apex withering, the two becoming similar ; stems, rough, 8-20 ridged with narrow furrows and cylindric or cup-shaped sheaths ; branches straight, rather short, simple, densely whorled, 3 -angled or rarely 4-5 -angled, solid ; sheaths of the stem with about 1 1 short ovate-lanceolate teeth, those of the branches 3-toothed ; rootstocks solid, acutely angled. In sandy places, N. S. and Rupert R. to Minn., and Alaska, south to N. J. and Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. 3. Equisetum sylvaticum L. (I. F. f. 79.) Stems annual, with scattered stomata, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile, at first simple, at length much branched and resembling the sterile, only its naked apex withering. Stems 2-5 dm. high, usually 12-furrowed, producing verticillate compound branches, the branchlets curved downward ; sheaths loose, cylindric or cam- panulate, those of the stem with 8-14 bluntish teeth, those of the branches with 4 or 5 teeth, those of the branchlets with 3 divergent teeth ; central cavity nearly one-half the diameter of the stem ; branches and branchlets solid. In moist sandy woods and thickets, Newf. and Greenland to Alaska, south to Va. and Mich. Also in Europe and Asia. 4. Equisetum paliistre L. (I. F. f. 80.) Stems annual, slender, all alike, 2.5-4.5 dm. long, deeply 5-9-grooved, the grooves separated by narrow roughish wing- like ridges, the central canal small ; sheaths rather loose, bearing about 8 subulate- lanceolate whitish-margined teeth ; branches simple, few in the whorls, 4~7-angled, always hollow, barely sulcate, more abundant below than above, their sheaths mostly 5 -toothed ; spike rather long ; stomata abundant in the furrows. In wet places, N. S. to Alaska, south to Me., W. N. Y., Minn, and Ariz. Also in Europe. 5. Equisetum Httorale Kuehl. (I. F. f. 81.) Stems annual, very slender, all alike, 2-4.5 dm. high* slightly roughened, 6-i9-grooved, the ridges rounded, the cen- tral canal one-half to two-thirds the diameter ; sheaths dilated above, the uppermost inversely campanulate, their teeth herbaceous, membranous at the margins, narrow, lanceolate ; branches of two kinds, simple, some 4-angled and hollow, some 3 -angled and solid, the first joint shorter or a trifle longer than the sheath of the stem ; spike short with abortive-spores, these commonly with no elaters. On sandy river and lake shores, Me, and Ont. to N. J. and Penn., west to Br. Col. Also in Europe. PTERIDOPHYTA. 23 6. Equisetum fluviatile L. (I. F. f. 82.) Stems annual, all alike, 6-12 dm. high, io-3O-furrowed, very smooth, usually producing upright branches after the spores are formed, the stomata scattered. Sheaths appressed with about 18 dark brown short acute rigid teeth, air cavities wanting under the grooves, small under the ridges ; central cavity very large ; branches hollow, slender, smaller but other- wise much like the stems, short or elongated ; rootstocks hollow. In swamps and along the borders of ponds, N. S. to Alaska, south to Va., Neb. and Wash. Also in Europe and Asia. 7. Equisetum robustum A. Br. (I. F. f. 83.) Stems perennial, stout, tall, evergreen, 1-2.5 m - high* sometimes 2 cm. in diameter, 20-48 -furrowed, simple or little branched. Ridges roughened with a single series of transversely oblong siliceous tubercles ; sheaths short, cylindric, appressed, marked with black girdles at the base, and at the bases of the dark caducous teeth ; ridges of the sheath 3-carinate ; branches when present occasionally fertile ; spikes tipped with a rigid point. In wet places, O to La. and Mex., west to Br. Col. and Cal. Also in Asia. May-June. 8. Equisetum hyemale L. SCOURING-RUSH. (I. F. f. 84.) Stems slender, rather stiff, evergreen, 6-12 dm. high, with the stomata arranged in rows, rough, 8-34-furrowed, the ridges with two indistinct lines of tubercles, the central cavity large, from one-half to two-thirds the diameter ; sheaths rather long, cylindric, marked with one or two black girdles, their ridges obscurely 4-carinate ; teeth brown, membranous, soon deciduous ; spikes pointed ; stem rarely producing branches which are usually short and occasionally fertile; forms are sometimes found with longer sterile branches. In wet places and on banks, especially along rivers and lakes, throughout nearly the whole of N. Am., Europe and Asia. 9. Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. (L F. f. 85.) Stems 3-15 dm. high, simple or little branched, pale green, persistent, 14-30 furrowed, the ridges almost smooth. Sheaths elongated and enlarged upward, with a black girdle at the base of the mostly deciduous, white-margined teeth and rarely also at their bases ; ridges of the sheath with a faint central carina and sometimes with faint short lateral ones ; stomata arranged in single series ; central cavity very large, the wall of the ^tem very thin ; spikes pointed. Along streams and rivers, especially in clay soil, valley of the Delaware R. in N. J. and E. Perm, to N. Car. and La., west to Br. Col. and the Mexican border. 10. Equisetum variegatum Schleich. (I. F. f. 86.) Stems slender, peren- nial, evergreen, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, usually simple from a branched base, tufted, 5 lO-furrowed, the stomata borne in regular rows. Sheaths companulate, dis- tinctly 4-carinate, variegated with black above, the median furrow deep and excurrent to the teeth and downward to the ridges of the stem, the teeth 5-10, each tipped with a deciduous bristle ; central cavity small, rarely wanting. Lab. and Greenland to N. Terr., south to N. H., W. N. Y., Neb. and Nev. Also in Europe and Asia. May-June. 11. Equisetum scirpoides Michx. (I. F. f. 87.) Stems perennial, ever- green, filiform, 4-15 cm. long, somewhat rough, flexuous and curving, growing in slender tufts, mostly 6-furrowed with acute ridges, simple or branching from near the base. Sheaths 3 -toothed, distinctly 4-carinate, the central furrow broad, the lateral narrow, the bristly teeth rather persistent ; central cavity entirely wanting. On moist or wet wooded banks, Lab. to Alaska, south to Perm., 111. and Br. Col. Also in Europe and Asia. Order^ LYCOPODIALES. Spores produced in sporanges, which are borne in the axils of scale- like or elongated leaves. Spores all of one sort and size. Fam. i. L\cot>odiaceae. Spores of two sizes. Leaves scale-like, 4-many-ranked, on branching stems. Fam. 2. Selaginellaceae. Leaves elongated, clustered on a corm-like trunk ; aquatic or mud plants. Fam. 3. Jsoetaceae % 24 FLORA. Family i. LYCOPODlACEAE Michx. Club-moss Family. Somewhat moss-like, erect or trailing terrestrial herbs with numerous small lanceolate or subulate simple leaves, sometimes oblong or roundish, arranged in 2-many ranks, the stems often elongated, usually freely branching. Sporanges i-3-celled, solitary in the axils of the leaves or on their upper surfaces. Spores uniform, minute. Prothallia (as far as known) mostly subterranean, with or without chlorophyll, monoecious. Four genera and about 1 10 species. i. LYCOPODIUM L. CLUB-MOSSES. Perennial plants with evergreen i-nerved leaves arranged in 4-16 ranks. Spo- ranges coriaceous, flattened, reniform, I -celled, situated in the axils of ordinary leaves or in those of the upper modified, bract-like ones, which are imbricated in sessile or peduncled spikes, opening transversely into 2 valves, usually by a line around the margin. Spores all of one kind, copious, sulphur-yellow, readily in- flammable from the abundant oil they contain. [Greek, meaning wolf's foot, per- haps in allusion to the branching roots of some species.] About 100 species of wide distribution. Sporanges borne in the axils of leaves which are similar to those of the stem. Sporanges mostly wanting in the axils of the upper, mostly 8-ranked leaves. Stems mostly erect, rigid; leaves uniform, ascending. i. /,. Selago. Stems somewhat lax, spreading; leaves spreading or deflexed, alternately longer and shorter. 2. L. lucid ul'nm. Sporanges only in the axils of the upper leaves forming terminal spikes ; leaves many-ranked. Plant slender ; leaves acute, soft, mostly entire. 3. L. inundation. Plant stout; leaves narrow, spinulose-pointed, bristle-toothed below the middle. 4. L. alopecurotdes. Sporanges borne in the axils of yellowish ovate or cordate scale-like leaves, which are very unlike those of the sterile stems. Stems leafy up to the base of the spike or nearly so. Spikes erect, closely sessile. Stems erect, tree-like. 5. L. obscurum. Stems creeping with ascending branches. Leaves uniform, spreading, 5-ranked. 6. L. annotinum. Leaves of 2 'forms, erect-imbricate, 4-ranked. 7. L. alpinum. Spikes erect, short-peduncled ; leaves small, appressed, 4-ranked. 8. L. sabinaefoliuvt. Fertile branches with minute leaves so that the spikes appear long-peduncled. Leaves uniform, many-ranked ; stems terete. 9. L. clavatum. Leaves of 2 forms, few-ranked ; stems flattened. Sterile stems entirely creeping ; spikes solitary. 10. L Carolinianinn. Sterile stems with fan-like ascending branches; spikes clustered. ii. L complanatum. 1. Lycopodium Selago L. (I. F. f. 88.) Stems 7-15 cm. high, thick, rigid, erect, 2-5 times forked, the branches forming a level-topped cluster. Leaves crowded, uniform, ascending, elongated-lanceolate, mucronulate, entire or spinu- lose-denticulate, nerved below, convex above, the upper mostly 8-ranked, sterile, those below bearing the small sporanges in their axils, those of the lower half of the stem again sterile ; plant propagated also by bud-like organs which have a lower pointed bract and 2 or 3 upper fleshy and obovate ones. On rocks, Lab. and Greenland to Alaska, south to the mountains of Me., N. H., Vt. and N. N. Y., on the summits of the higher Alleghenies to N. Car., and to Mich, and Wash. Also in Europe and Asia. 2. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. (I. F. f. 89.) Stems lax, ascending or spreading, thick, 2-3 times forked, the branches 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves widely spreading or reflexed, dark green, shining, i -nerved, acute, minutely toothed, a series of longer ones alternating with a series of shorter, the latter more frequently bearing the sporanges at a short distance below the summit of the stem ; sporanges Pl^ERIDOPHYTA. 2$ of preceding years often persistent ; plant also propagated like the preceding species by gemmae, which fall to the ground and become new plants. In cold, damp woods, Newf. to Br. Col. south to N. Car. and la. 3. Lycoppdium inundatum L. (I. F. f. 90.) Plants, 2.5-13 cm. long, with creeping flaccid forking brittle sterile stems closely appressed to the earth. Fertile stems erect, solitary, 2.5-15 cm. high, terminated by a short spike ; leaves lan- ceolate or lanceolate-subulate with hyaline margins, those of the spike similar to those below, acute, soft, spreading, mostly entire, those of the sterile stems curved upward ; spikes rarely two together, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, yellowish ; sporanges transversely oval, splitting nearly to the base ; spores large, reticulated. In sandy bogs, Newf. to W. Ont. and Mich., south to Fla. Also in Europe and Asia. Larger forms with fertile stems 12-17 cm. high and more pointed serrate leaves have been separated as var. Bigelovii. 4. Lycopodium alopecuroides L. (I. F. f. 91.) Plant stout, leafy, the sterile branches flaccid, recurved and creeping, sometimes 25 cm. long. Fertile stems stout, rigid, erect, 15-50 cm. high, terminated by a spike 1.8-3.5 cm - l n g> an( l> including its leaves, 8-10 mm. thick; leaves narrowly linear-subulate, those of the spike similar to those below, spinulose-pointed, spreading, conspicuously bristle- toothed below the middle, those of the spike with long setaceous tips ; sporanges transversely oval, splitting to near the base. In pine-barren swamps, N. J. to Fla., near the coast, west to Miss. 5. Lycopodium obsctinim L. GROUND PINE. (I. F. f. 92.) Stems erect, 1.5-3 dm. high, bushy, the branches fan-like, the rootstocks subterranean, nearly hori- zontal. Leaves lanceolate-linear, acute, entire, 8-ranked on the main stem, those of the branches 6 -ranked, with the two upper and the two lower ranks shorter and appressed, or all alike and equally incurved-spreading, densely clothing the steins up to the bases of the spikes; spikes i-io on each plant, 1235 cm. long, com- posed of many-ranked ovate scarious-margmed bracts (scale-like leaves), each with a transversely oval sporange in its axil. In moist woods, Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, south to the mountains of N. Car. and to Ind. Also in Asia. 6. Lycopodium annotinum L. (I. F. f. 93.) Steins much branched, slender, creeping, rather stiff, 3-12. dm. long, the branches similar, ascending, 12-20 cm. high, sparingly forked. Leaves uniform, spreading, 5 -ranked, rigid, linear- lanceolate, minutely serrulate, nerved below; spikes solitary or several at the ends of the branches, oblong-cylindric, 2.5-6 cm. long, composed of ovate or ovate- cordate, short-acuminate and denticulate bracts, each with a sporange in its axil; spores smooth or spinulose - reticulated on the basal surface. In woods and thickets, commonly in dry soil, Lab. to Alaska, south to N. J., W. Va., Mich., Colo, and Wash. Also in Europe and Asia. Mountain forms with more rigid pointed leaves have been separated as var. pitngens. 7. Lycopodium alpinum L. (I. F. f. 94.) Stems elongated, creeping, with ascending densely crowded dichotomous branches. Leaves 4-ranked, erect-imbri- cate, adnate-decurrent, of two forms; those of the lateral rows lanceolate, falcate, acute, carinate, concave within, those of the intermediate rows scarcely one-third as large, lanceolate-subulate, the upper and lower rows alike; spikes solitary at the apices of slightly elongated branches, erect, closely sessile, the stems leafy to their bat on either side ; spikes 1-4 on long 8-striate peduncles ; bracts membranous, round- 26 FLORA. ish, erose-denticulate below, bearing in the axil a transversely oval sporange which splits nearly to the base ; spores narrowly reticulate. In woods, Lab. to Alaska, south to N. Car., Mich and Wash. Also in Europe, Asia and Cent. Am. 10. Lycopodium Carolinianum L. (I. F. f. 97.) Sterile stems and their few short branches creeping, closely appressed to the earth, 2.5-8 cm. long, emitting numerous roots on the lower side. Leave of fertile stems of two forms, the lateral ones broadly lanceolate, acute, and somewhat oblique, i-nerved, widely spreading, in 2 ranks with a shorter, intermediate row appressed on the upper side ; peduncles simple, slender, 5-15 cm. high, clothed with small bract-like leaves and bearing a single cylindric spike ; bracts cordate, short-acuminate, mostly entire with trans- versely oval sporanges in the upper axils. In moist pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and La. near the coast. 11. Lycopodium complanatum L. (I. P\ f. 98.) Stems extensively creeping, with erect or ascending fan-shaped branches several times forked above, with crowded flattened branch lets. Leaves minute, imbricate-appressed, 4-ranked, the lateral rows with somewhat spreading tips, the intermediate smaller, narrower and wholly appressed, forming a flat surface; peduncle slender, 5-15 cm. high, dichotom- ous, bearing 2-4 linear-cylindric spikes ; bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, the margins pale and erose ; sporanges transversely oval, deeply splitting. In woods and thickets, Newf. to Alaska, south to N. Car., Mich, and Br. Col. Also in Europe and Asia. Forms with less distinctly dimorphous leaves and narrower, more erect and bushy branches have been separated as var. Chamaccyparissus. Family 2. SELAGINELLACEAE Underw. Terrestrial, annual or perennial, moss-like plants with branching stems and scale-like leaves, which are many-ranked and uniform, or 4- ranked and of two types spreading in two planes. Sporanges i -eel led, solitary in the axils of leaves which are so arranged as to form more or less quadrangular spikes, some containing 4 macrospores (macrospo- ranges), others containing numerous microspores (microsporanges), which develop into small prothallia, those from the macrospores bearing archc- fones, those from the microspores antherids. The family consists of the allowing genus : i. SELAGINELLA Beauv. Characters of family. [Name diminutive of Selago, ancient name of a Lyco- podium.] Abont 340 species, widely distributed, most abundant in tropical regions. Stem-leaves all alike, many-ranked. Stems compact with ris^id leaves; spikes quadrangular. i. S. rupestris. Stems slender ; leaves lax, spreading ; spikes enlarged, scarcely quadrangular. 2, S. selaginoides. Stem-leaves of 2 kinds; 4-ranked, spreading in 2 planes. 3. S. apus 1. Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring. (I. F. f. 99.) Stems tufted, with occa- sional sterile runners and sub-pinnate branches, 2.5-8 cm. high, commonly curved when dry. Leaves rigid, appressed-imbricated, 2 mm. or less long, linear or linear- lanceolate, convex on the back, more or less ciliate, many-ranked, tipped with a distinct transparent awn; spikes sessile at the ends of the stem or branches, strongly quadrangular, 12-25 mm - l n > about 2 mm. thick ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, broader than the leaves of the stem ; macrosporanges and microspo- ranges borne in the same spikes, the former more abundant. On dry rocks, Me. to Ont. and Br. Col., south to Ga., Mo. and Cal. 2. Selaginella selaginoides (L.) Link. (I. F. f. 100.) Sterile branches creep- ing, slender, 12-50 cm. long, the fertile erect or ascending, thicker, 2.5-8 cm. high, simple ; leaves lanceolate, acute, lax and spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate, 2-4 mm. long ; spikes solitary at the ends of the fertile branches, enlarged, oblong, linear, subacute, 2.5 cm. or less long, 4-5 mm. thick ; bracts of the spike lax, ascending, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, strongly ciliate. On wet rocks, Lab. to Alaska, south to N. H., Mich, and Colo. Also in N. Europe and Asia. P TERID OPH Y TA. 2J 3. Selaginella apus (L.) Spring. (I. F. f. 101.) Annual, light green, stems creeping, 2.5-10 cm. long, much branched, flaccid, angled on the face. Leaves minute, membranous, of 2 kinds. 4 ranked, spreading in 2 planes : upper leaves of the lower plane spreading, the lower reflexed, ovate, acute, serrulate, not distinctly ciliate ; leaves of the upper plane ovate, short-cuspidate ; spikes 6-16 mm. long, obscurely quadrangular ; bracts ovate, acute, sometimes serrulate, acutely keeled in the upper half ; macrosporanges more abundant toward the base of the spike. In moist shaded places, often among gra^s, Me. and Out. to the N. W. Terr., south to Fla., La. and Tex. Family 3. ISOETACEAE Underw. QuiUiuort Family. Aquatic or marsh plants rooting in the mud, with a short buried 2- lobed or 3-lobed trunk (stem) sending out abundant roots and sending up a compact tuft of rush-like leaves. Sporanges sessile in the axils of the leaves, some containing macrospores (macrosporanges), others micro- spores (micros poranges) ; the former germinate into prothallia bearing only archegones, the latter into prothallia bearing usually only a single antherid. The family consists of the following genus only. i. ISOETES L. QUILLWORTS. Submerged, amphibious or uliginous plants with a cluster of elongated awl- shaped leaves rising from a more or less 2 3-lobed fleshy short stem, the leaves with or without peripheral bast-bundles, with or without stomata. bearing a small membranous organ (ligule) above the base. Sporanges sessile in the excavated bases of the leaves, orbicular or ovoid, the sides more or less covered with a fold of the inner side of the leaf-base (velum). The sporanges of the outer leaves usually con- tain spherical, mostly sculptured macrospores, those of the inner ones contain minute powdery usually oblong microspores. [Name Greek, taken from Pliny, apparently referring to the persistent green leaves.] About 50 species, widely distributed. Owing to their aquatic habitat and apparently local distribution, these plants are popularly little known. Submerged or rarely emersed in very dry seasons ; leaves quadrangular, without peripheral bast-bundles. Stomata wanting ; macrospores crested. Leaves stout, rigid, scarcely tapering. I. /. lacustris. Leaves slender, tapering. 2. /. Tuckermani. Stomata present : macrospores echinate. 3. /. echinospora. Amphibious or submerged only in earlier stages ; stomata always present on the quad- rangular leaves. Peripheral bast-bundles wanting. Microspores papillose or tuberculate, not reticulate, white. Leaves 5-8 cm. long ; macrospores with minute warts. 4. /. saccharata. Leaves 10-20 cm. long ; macrospores with jagged crests. 5. /. riparia. Microspores densely reticulate and often slightly papillose, dark brown ; macro- spores with thick- walled reticulations. 6. I.foveolata. Peripheral bast-bundles irregular or wanting ; submersed leaves very long ; macro- spores with convolute labyrinthine ridges. 7. /. Eatoni. Peripheral bast-bundles present. Macrospores sparsely covered with irregular crests. 8. /. Dodgei. Macrospores with honeycomb-like reticulations. 9. /. Engelmanni. Terrestrial ; stomata abundant on the triangular leaves. Leaves 15-60, usually black at the base. 10. /. meLinopoda. Leaves 8-12, bright green, paler at the base. n. /. Bittleri. I. Isoetes Sacustris L. (I. F. f. 102.) Submerged or rarely alx>vc water; leaves 10-25, rigid, rather thick, scarcely tapering, dark or olive green, obtusely quadrangular, 5-15 cm. long ; stomata none ; peripheral bast-bundles wanting ; sporange orbicular or broadly elliptic, unspotted ; velum rather narrow ; ligule triangular, short or somewhat elongated ; macrospores 500-800 // in diameter, marked all over with distinct or somewhat confluent crests, and bearing three con. 28 FLORA. verging ridges ; microspores 35-46 // long, smooth. In water 0.3-1.6 m. deep, Lab. to the N. W. Terr., south to K. Mass, and N. J. Also in Europe and Asia. 2. Isoetes Tuckermani A. Br. (I. F. f. 103.) Submerged or rarely partly or wholly emersed in dry seasons ; leaves 10-30, very slender, tapering, olive- green, quadrangular, 5-8 cm. long, without peripheral bast-bundles, the outer recurved ; sporange oblong, mostly white, its upper one-third covered by the velum; macrospores 440-560 // in diameter, with wavy somewhat parallel and branching ridges on the upper half, separated by the three converging ridges, the lower covered with an irregular network ; microspores 26-32 // long, nearly smooth. In ponds, Newf. to Middlesex County, Mass., clustered in shallow water. 3. Isoetes echinospora Braunii (Durieu) Engelm. (I. F. f. 104.) Submerged or rarely emersed ; leaves 12-25, tapering, soft, reddish -green, 7-20 cm. long, with- out peripheral bast-bundles, bearing stomata only toward the tip ; sporange orbicu- lar or broadly elliptic, spotted, one-half to three-fourths covered with the velum ; macrospores 400-500 // in diameter, covered with broad spinules which are often slightly confluent and incised at the tips ; microspores 26-39 /' l n g> smooth. Lab. and Greenland to Alaska, south to N. J., Penn. and Utah. Isoetes echinospora robusta Engelm. Much larger than the preceding, leaves 25-70 or even more 12-30 cm. long, with abundant stomata throughout. With the preceding. Isoetes echinospora Boottii Engelm. Leaves 12-20, soft, erect, bright green, 10-13 cm. long, with a few stomata near their tips ; sporange nearly orbicular, with pale spots, two-thirds or more covered by the velum ; macrospores 390-500 M in diameter, with longer and more slender simple spinules ; microspores 26-30 M. long. In ponds, Middlesex County, Mass., usually submerged. Isoetes echinospora muricita (Durieu) Engelm. Leaves 15-20, flaccid, bright green, 15-30 cm. long, bearing few stomata ; sporange broadly oval, with pale-spots, about one- half covered by the velum ; macrospores 400-580 p. in diameter, with shorter and more confluent, almost crest -like spinules ; microspores 28-32 /ot, slightly rough on the edges. Submerged in running water in tributaries of Mystic Pond, Middlesex County, Mass. 4. Isoetes saccharata Engelm. (I. F. f. 105.) Amphibious or uliginous with a flat depressed trunk. Leaves 10-20, olive- green, pale at the base, spreading. 5-8 cm. long, quadrangular ; stomata numerous ; sporange oblong, unspotted, with a narrow velum covering only one-fourth or one-third of its surface ; peripheral bast- bundles wanting ; ligule triangular, rather short ; macrospores 400-470 /4 in di- ameter, with very minute distinct or rarely confluent warts as if sprinkled with grains of sugar ; microspores papillose, 24-28 /.i long. In mud overflowed by the tides, Wicomico and Nanticoke rivers, E. Md. and near Washington, D. C. 5. Isoetes riparia Engelm. (I. F. f. 106.) Amphibious or uliginous, usually emersed ; leaves 15-30, deep green, rather rigid, 10-20 cm. long, quadrangular, bearing numerous stomata ; peripheral bast-bundles wanting ; ligule rather short, triangular ; sporange mostly oblong, distinctly spotted with groups of brown cells, one-fourth or rarely one-half covered with the velum ; macrospores 450-650/4 in diameter, marked with distinct or anastomosing jagged crests or somewhat reticu- late on the lower side ; microspores 28-32 ju long, more or less turberculate. Bor- ders of the lower Delaware R. to Me. 6. Isoetes foveolata A. A. Eaton. (I. F. f. io6c.) Amphibious from a bilobed or rarely trilobed base ; leaves 15-70, stout 5-15 cm. long, pinkish even when dry or rarely dark green ; stomata scattered found only near the tips ; no peripheral bast-bundles ; monoicous or becoming dioicous ; velum covering one- fourth or one-third of the sporange ; ligule round-ovate ; sporanges thickly sprinkk-d with dark cells which are often collected in groups ; macrospores 380-560/4 in di- ameter, covered beneath with very thick-walled reticulations, the openings appear- ing like little pits ; reticulations elongate on the upper surface of the spore ; microspores dark brown, 22-35 // long, densely reticulate and usually slightly papillose. In muddy banks of the Pautuckaway River, Epping and E. Kingston, 7. Isoetes liatoni Dodge. (I. F. f. io6b.) Amphibious from a large trunk 2.510 cm. in diameter. Leaves of the submerged plant 20200, varying in length up to 7 dm., marked with an elevated ridge on the ventral side ; leaves of the emersed plant shorter, 7.5-15 cm. long, stomata abundant ; peripheral bast- bundles irregular in occurrence or often wanting ; velum covering one-fourth of the PTERTDOPHYTA. 2g sporange ; polygamous; sporanges large, 10 by 4 mm., pale, spotted ; macrospores small, 300-400 // in diameter, marked with convolute labyrinthine ridges and cristate on the angles of the inner face ; microspores 25-30 UL in diameter, smooth or slightly papillose. In mud flats. E. Kingston and Epping, N. H. 8. Isoetes Dodgei A. A. Eaton. (I. F. f. io6a). Plant amphibious from a 2-lobed trunk. Leaves 10-75, 2-4.5 dm. l n g? when submersed, erect or spirally ascending when scattered ; emersed leaves 1015 cm - l n S> tortuous and often inter- laced, with numerous stomata and usually four bast- bundles ; velum narrow, cover- ing from one-fifth to one-fourth of the sporange ; sporanges thickly sprinkled with dark brown cells ; macrospores more numerous on submersed plants, globose 500-675 /.i in diameter, sparsely covered with irregular crests which at maturity separate into irregular groups leaving bare spaces, serrate or spinulose at the top ; microspores more numerous on emersed plants, 22 40/4 in diameter, ashy, papillose. In mud flats, E. Kingston, N. H. 9. Isoetes Engelmanni A. Br. (I. F. f. 107.) Amphibious, usually partly im- mersed when mature. Leaves 25-100, light green, quadrangular, tapering, 22-50 cm. long, bearing abundant stomata ; peripheral bast-bundles present ; sporange oblong or linear-oblong, unspotted ; velum narrow ; macrospores 400520 fjL in diameter, covered with honeycomb-like reticulations ; microspores 24-28 j.i long, mostly smooth. In ponds and ditches, rooting in mud, Me. to Del. and Penn., 111. and Mo. Isoetes Engelmanni vllida Engelm. Leaves 50-200, keeled on the upper side, 4.5-6 dm. long ; sporange linear oblong, 1-2 cm. long, one-third to two-thirds covered by the velum ; microspores 320-480 /x in diameter ; microspores 24-27 /. long, spinulose. War- riorsmark, Cornwall and Smith ville, Pa., and Wilmington, Del. Isoetes Engelmanni gracilis Engelm. Leaves 8-12, slender, 22-30 cm. long; bast- bundles often quite small or only two present; spores as in the typical form. S. New Eng. to N. J. 10. Isoetes melanopoda J. Gay. (I. F. f. 108.) Terrestrial with a subglobose deeply 2-lobed trunk. Leaves 15-60, slender, erect, bright green, with a blackish shining base, 12-15 cm - l n g< triangular, bearing stomata throughout, well developed peripheral bast-bundles, thick dissepiments and small air-cavities within ; ligule triangular, awl-shaped ; sporange mostly oblong, spotted with a narrow velum ; polygamous ; macrospores 250-400 /.i in diameter with low more or less confluent tubercles, often united into worm-like wrinkles, or almost smooth ; microspores 23- 28 JLI long spinulose. In moist prairies and overflowed fields, 111. to la., Mo. and Tex. 11. Isoetes Biitleri Engelm. (I. F. f. 109.) Terrestrial from a subglobose trunk. Leaves 8-15, bright green, paler at the base, triangular, 4.5-18 cm. long, bearing numerous stomata, and with well developed peripheral bast-bundles, thick dissepiments and small air cavities within ; sporange usually oblong, spotted ; velum very narrow or none ; ligule small, triangular ; dioecious ; macrospores 500-630 // in diameter, with distinct or confluent tubercles ; microspores 28-34 /* long, dark brown, papillose. On rocky hillsides, St Louis, Mo., and on saline flats, Ind. Terr. Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA. Seed-bearing Plants. Plants producing seeds which contain an embryo formed of one or more rudimentary leaves (cotyledons), a stem (hypocotyl, radicle), and a terminal bud (plumule), or these parts sometimes indifferentiated before germination. Microspores (pollen-grains) are borne in microsporanges (anther-sacs) on the apex or side of a modified leaf (filament). The macro- sporanges (ovules) are borne on the face of a flat or inrolled much modi- fied leaf (carpel) and contain one macrospore (embryo-sac) ; this develops the minute female prothallium, an archegone of which is fertilized by means of a tube (pollen-tube), a portion of the male prothallium sprouting from the pollen-grain. There are two classes which differ from each other as follows : Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a scale ; stigmas none. Class i. GYMNOSPERMAE. Ovules and seeds contained in a closed cavity (ovary) ; stigmas i or more. Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. Class I. GYMNOSPERMAE. Ovules (macrosporanges) naked, not enclosed in an ovary, this repre- sented by a scale or apparently wanting. Pollen-grains (microspores) di- viding at maturity into two or more cells, one of which gives rise to the pollen-tube (male prothallium), which directly fertilizes an archegone of the nutritive endosperm (female prothallium) in the ovule. The Gymnosperms are an ancient group, first known in Silurian time. They became most numerous in the Triassic age. They are now represented by not more than 450 species of trees and shrubs. There are three orders, Finales, Cycadales and Gnetales, the first of which is repre- sented in our area by the Pine and Yew Families. Family i. PINACEAE Lindl. Pine Family. Conifers. Resinous trees or shrubs, mostly with evergreen narrow entire or scale- like leaves, the wood uniform in texture, without tracheae, the tracheids marked by large depressed disks, the pollen-sacs and ovules borne in separate spikes (aments). Perianth none. Stamens several together, subtended by a scale ; filaments more or less united ; pollen-sacs (anthers) 2-several-celled, variously dehiscent ; pollen-grains often provided with two lateral inflated sacs. Ovules with two integuments, orthotropous or amphitropous, borne solitary or several together on the surface of a scale, which is subtended by a bract in most genera. Fruit a cone with numer- ous, several or few, woody, papery or fleshy scales ; sometimes berry-like. Seeds wingless or winged. Endosperm fleshy or starchy, copious. Embryo straight, slender. Cotyledons 2 or several. About 25 genera and 240 species of wide distribution, most abundant in temperate regions. 30 P IN ACE A E. 31 Scales of the cone numerous (except in Lart'x) ; leaf-buds scaly. Cone-scales woody; leaves needle-shaped, 2-5 in a sheath. i. Pinus. Cone-scales thin ; leaves linear-filiform, scattered or fascicled, not in sheaths. Leaves fascicled on very short branchlets, deciduous. 2. Larix. Leaves scattered, persistent. Cones pendulous ; leaves jointed to short persistent sterigmata. Leaves tetragonal, sessile. 3. Picea. Leaves flat, short-petioled. 4. Tsuga. Cones erect ; sterigmata inconspicuous or none. 5. Abies. Scales of the cone few (3-12); leaf-buds naked. Cone-scales spiral, thick ; leaves deciduous. 6. Taxodium. Cone-scales opposite ; leaves persistent. Cone oblong, its scales not peltate. 7. Thuja. Cone globose, its scales peltate. 8. Chamaecy parts. Fruit fleshy, berry-like, a modified cone. 9. Juniperus. i. PlNUS L. Evergreen trees with two kinds of leaves, the primary ones linear or scale-like, deciduous, the secondary ones forming the ordinary foliage, narrowly linear, arising from the axils of the former in fascicles of 2-5 (rarely solitary in some western species), subtended by the bud-scales, some of which are united to form a sheath. Staminate aments borne at the bases of shoots of the season, the clusters of stamens spirally arranged, each in the axil of a minute scale; filaments very short; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovule-bearing aments solitary or clustered, borne on the twigs of the preceding season, composed of numerous imbricated minute bracts, each with an ovule-bearing scale in its axil, ripening into a large cone, which matures the following autumn, its scales elongating and becoming woody.. Seeds 2 on the base of each scale, winged above, the testa crustaceous. [Name Celtic.] About 75 species, of the northern hemisphere. Leaves 5 in a sheath ; cone-scales little thickened at the tip. i . P. Strobus. Leaves 2-3 in a sheath ; cone-scales much thickened at the tip. Cones terminal or subterminal. Leaves 2 in a sheath ; cones 3-6 cm. long, their scales pointless. 2. P. resinosa, Leaves 3 in a sheath ; cones 1-2.5 dm. long, their scales prickle-tipped. Cones light, 1.5-2.5 dm. long; leaves 2.5-4 dm. long. 3. P. pahistris. Cones very heavy and woody, 1-1.5 dm. long; leaves 1.2-2.5 dm. long. 4. P. ponderosa. Cones lateral. Cone-scales with neither spine nor prickle ; leaves in 2's. 5. P- divaricata. Cone-scales tipped with a spine or prickle. Leaves some or all of them in 2*s. Cones 3-7 cm. long, their scales tipped with prickles. Leaves stout, 3-6 cm. long. 6. P. Virginiana. Leaves slender, 7-13 cm. long. 7. P. echinata. Cones 8-12 cm. long, their scales tipped with very stout short spines. 8. P. pungens. Leaves in 3's (very rarely some in 2's or 4*5). Leaves 1.5-2.5 dm. long ; old sheaths 1-2.5 cm I 00 ? > cones oblong-conic. 9. P. Taeda. Leaves 7-13 cm. long; old sheaths 0.6-1.2 cm. long; cones ovoid. 10. P. rigida. 1. Pinus Strobus L. WHITE PINE. WEYMOUTH PINE. (I. F. f. no.) A large forest tree, the bark nearly smooth except when old, the branches horizontal, verticillate. Leaves 5 in a sheath, very slender, pale green and glaucous, 7-12 cm. long, with a single fibro- vascular bundle, the dorsal side devoid of stomata; sheaths loose, deciduous; ovule-bearing aments terminal, peduncled; cones subterminal, drooping, cylindric, often slightly curved, 10-15 cm - l n g about 2.5 cm. thick when the scales are closed, resinous; scales slightly thickened at the apex, obtuse and rounded or nearly truncate, without a terminal spine or prickle. In woods, often forming dense forests, Newf. to Man., south along the Allegh. to Ga. and to 111. and la. June. 2. Pinus resinosa Ait. CANADIAN PINE. RED PINE. (I. F. f. in.) A tall forest tree, the bark reddish, rather smooth, flaky when old. Leaves. 2 in each sheath, slender, dark green, 10-15 cm - l n g> w i tn 2 fibro-vascular bundles; sheaths 32 FLORA. 12-25 mm. long when young ; staminate aments 12-18 mm. long ; cones sub- terminal, oval-conic, 3-6 cm. long, usually less than 2 cm. thick while the scales are closed ; scales thickened at the apex, obtuse, rounded and devoid of spine or prickle. In woods, Newf. to Man., Mass., Penn., Wise, and Minn. May-June. 3. Pinus palustris Mill. LONG-LEAVED PINE. GEORGIA PINE, (I. F. f. 112.) A large tree, sometimes attaining a height of 30 m., the bark nearly smooth. Leaves in 3'$, slender, dark green, clustered at the ends of the branches, 2.5-4 dm. long, with 2 fibro- vascular bundles; sheaths 1.5-3 cm. long; buds long: staminate aments rose-purple, 5-9 cm. long, very conspicuous ; cones terminal, spreading or erect, conic-cylindric, 1-2.5 dm. l n g> 5~8 cm - thick before the scales open ; scales thickened at the apex, with a transverse ridge bearing a short central recurved prickle. In sandy, mostly dry soil, Va. to Fla and Tex., mostly near the coast. March April. 4. Pinus ponderosa Dougl. WESTERN YELLOW PINE. (I. F. f. 113.) One of the largest trees, attaining a maximum height of nearly 80 m. and a trunk diameter of 5 m. Branches widely spreading or somewhat drooping ; bark light red, scaly ; leaves in 3's (rarely some of them in 2's), rather stout, 1-2.5 dm. l n g slightly scabrous; cones subterminal, very dense, heavy, ovoid-conic, 1-1.5 dm. l n g? 3~4-5 cm. thick ; scales much thickened at the apex, the transverse ridge prominent, with a triangular subulate short stout recurved prickle. Mont, to Br. Col., Neb., Tex., Mex. and Cal.; the shorter-leaved eastern form which reaches our area has been distinguished from the western type as var. scopulorum. April-May. 5. Pinus divaricata (Ait.) Gord. LABRADOR PINE. GRAY PINE. (I. F. f. 114.) A slender tree, usually 12-20 m. high, but sometimes reaching 30 m., and a trunk diameter of I m., the branches spreading, the bark becoming flaky. Leaves in 2's, stout, stiff, more or less curved, spreading or oblique, crowded along the branches, seldom over 3 cm. long ; fibro- vascular bundles 2 ; cones commonly very numer- ous, lateral, oblong-conic, usually upwardly curved, 2.5-5 cm - l n g> J 8-3O mm. thick when mature; scales thickened at the end, the transverse ridge a mere line with a minute central point in place of spine or prickle at maturity ; young scales spiny- tipped. In sandy soil, N. B. to Hudson Bay and the N. W. Terr., south to Me., N. N. Y., N. 111. and Minn. May-June. 6. Pinus Virginiana Mill. JERSEY PINE. SCRUB PINE. (I. F. f. 115.) A slender tree, usually small, the old bark dark-colored, flaky, the branches spread- ing or drooping. Leaves in 2's, dark green, rather stout and stiff, spreading when old, 3-7 cm. long, with 2 fibro- vascular bundles ; young sheaths rarely more than 5 mm. long ; cones commonly few, lateral, recurved when young, spreading when old, oblong-conic, 36 cm. long, their scales somewhat thickened at the apex, the low transverse ridge with a short central more or less recurved prickle. In sandy soil, L. I. to S. C., Ala., S. Ind. and Term. April-May. 7. Pinus echinata Mill. YELLOW PINE. SPRUCE PINE. (I. F. f. 116.) A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of about 30 m. and a trunk diameter of 1.5 m., the branches spreading, the old bark rough in plates. Leaves some in 2 ? s, some in 3's, slender, not stiff, dark green, 7-13 cm. long, spreading when mature; fibro-vascular bundles 2 ; young sheaths !O-l6 mm. long ; cones lateral, oblong- conic, about 5 cm. long, usually less than 2.5 cm. thick when the scales are closed; scales thickened at the apex, marked with a prominent transverse ridge and armed with a slender, nearly straight, deciduous prickle. In sandy soil, S. N. Y. to Fla., 111., Kans. and Tex. Produces shoots from stumps. May-June. 8. Pinus pungens Michx.f. TABLE-MOUNTAIN PINE. HICKORY PINE. (I. F. f. 117.) A tree with a maximum height of about 20 m. and trunk diameter of I m., the branches spreading, the old rough bark in flakes. Leaves mostly in 2*s, some in 3*5, stout and stiff, light green, 6-10 cm. long, crowded on the twigs ; fibro-vascular bundles 2 ; young sheaths 10-16 mm. long ; cones lateral, usually clustered, long-persistent, ovoid, 8-12 cm. long, 5-7 cm. thick, while the scales are closed, nearly globular when these are expanded ; scales thick, woody, their ends with a large elevated transverse ridge, centrally tipped by a stout reflexed or spreading spine 4-5 mm. long. In woods, sometimes forming forests, W. N. J. and Cent. Pa. to Ga. and Tenn. May. 9. Pinus Taeda L. LOBLOLLY PINE. OLD-FIELD PINE. (I. F. f. 118.) A forest tree, reaching a height of 50 m. and a trunk diameter of 1.6 m., the P IN ACE A E. 33 branches spreading, the hark thick and rugged, flaky in age. Leaves in 3's, (rarely some of them in 2*s). slender, not stiff, light green, ascending or at length spreading, 15-25 cm. long; fibro- vascular bundles 2 ; sheaths 16-25 mm. long when young ; cones lateral, spreading, oblong-conic, 7-12 cm. long, thick before the scales open ; scales thickened at the apex, the transverse ridge prominent, acute, tipped with a central short triangular reflexed- spreading spine. S. N. J. to Fla., Tex. and Ark. April-May. 10. Pinus rigida Mill. PITCH-PINE. TORCH-PINE, il. F. f. 119.) A tree reaching a maximum height of about 27 m.. and a trunk diameter of I m., the branches spreading, the old bark rough, furrowed, flaky in strips. Leaves in 3's (very rarely some in 4's), stout, stiff, rather dark green, 7-13 cm. long, spreading; fibro- vascular bundles 2; sheaths 8-13 mm. long when young; cones lateral, ovoid, 3.5-7 cm. long, becoming nearly globular when the scales open, commonly numerous and clustered ; scales thickened at the apex, the transverse ridge acute, with a stout central triangular recurved-spreading prickle. In dry, sandy or rocky soil, N. B. to Ont., W. Va., Ga. and Tenn. Develops shoots from stumps. April- May. 2. LARIX Adans. Tall trees with horizontal or ascending branches and small narrowly linear de- ciduous leaves, without sheaths, in fascicles on short lateral scaly bud-like branch- lets. Aments short, lateral, monoecious, the staminate from leafless buds ; the ovule-bearing buds commonly leafy at the base and the aments red. Anther-sacs 2-celled. the sacs transversely or obliquely dehiscent. Pollen-grains simple. Cones ovoid or cylindric, small, erect, their scales thin, spirally arranged, obtuse, persist- ent. Ovules 2 on the base of each scale, ripening into 2 reflexed somewhat winged seeds. [Name ancient, probably Celtic.] About 9 species, natives of the north temperate and subarctic zones. Besides the following 2 others occur in the western parts of N. Am. i. Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch. AMERICAN LARCH. TAMARACK. HACK- MATACK (I. F. f. 120.) A slender tree, attaining a maximum height of about 35 m. and a trunk diameter of I m.. the branches spreading, the bark close or at length slightly scaly. Leaves pale green, numerous in the fascicles, 1-2.5 cm - l n g> about 0.5 mm. wide, deciduous in late autumn; fascicles borne on short lateral branchlets about 4 mm. long; cones short-peduncled at the ends of similar branchlets, ovoid, obtuse, 12-17 mm. long, composed of about 12 suborbicular thin scales, their margins entire or slightly lacerate. In swampy woods and about margins of lakes, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., south to N. J., Penn., Ind. and Minn. March-April. 3. PICEA Link. Evergreen conic trees, with linear short 4-sided leaves spreading in all direc- tions, jointed at the base to short persistent sterigmata, on which they are sessile, falling away in drying, the bare twigs appearing covered with low truncate pro- jections. Leaf-buds scaly. Staminate aments axillary, nearly sessile; anthers 2- celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent, the connective prolonged into an append- age ; pollen-grains compound; ovule-bearing aments, terminal, ovoid or oblong; ovules 2 on the base of each scale, reflexed, ripening into 2 more or less winged seeds. Cones ovoid or oblong, obtuse, pendulous, their scales numerous, spirally arranged, thin, obtuse, persistent. [Name ancient.] About 14 species, natives of the north temperate and subarctic zones. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the northwestern parts of N. Am. Twigs and sterigmata glabrous, glaucous ; cones oblong-cylindric. i. P. Canadensis. Twigs pubescent, brown ; cones ovoid or oval. Leaves not glaucous. 2. P. Mariana. Leaves glaucous. 3. P. brevifolia. i. Picea Canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P. WHITE SPRUCE. (I. F. f. 121.) A slender tree, attaining a maximum height of about 50 m. and a trunk diameter of I m., but usually much smaller. Twigs and sterigmata glabrous, pale and glau- cous; leaves light green, slender, 12-16 mm. long, very acute; cones cylindric or 34 FLORA. oblong-cylindric. pale, 3.5-5 cm. long, 12-17 mm. thick before the scales open; scales almost membranous, their margins usually quite entire ; bracts incised. Newf. to Huds. Bay and Alaska, south to Me., N. N. Y., Mich., the Black Hills, Mont, and Br. Col. Sometimes with a strong, skunk-like odor. April- May. 2. Picea Mariana (Mill.) B. S. P. BLACK SPRUCE. RED SPRUCE. (I. F. f. 122 and 123.) A tree, sometimes 35 in. high, the trunk sometimes reaching a diameter of 3.3 m., the branches spreading, the bark smooth or only slightly roughened. Twigs pubescent; sterigmata pubescent or glabrate; leaves thickly covering the twigs, green, stout, straight or curved, rarely more than 1 6 mm. long, obtuse or acuminate or merely mucronate at the apex; cones oval or ovoid, 2-5 cm. long, mostly persistent on the twigs for two or more seasons, their scales with entire, lacerate or erose margins. Newf. to Huds. Bay and the N. W. Terr., south to N. J., N. C., Mich, and Minn. Tree very variable in the size of cones and in the thickness of its leaves; the leaves of the lower branches often very sharp- pointed, while those of the upper are blunt or mucronate. May -June. 3. Picea brevifolia Peck. SWAMP SPRUCE. (I. F. f. i22a.) A small slender tree, or on mountains reduced to a shrub. Twigs pubescent; sterigmata glabrous, or slightly pubescent; leaves nearly straight, mostly glaucous, obtuse, or merely mucronate, stout, 4-12 mm. long; cones oval, persistent for two seasons or more, 1.5-3 cm. long, the scales with eroded margins. In swamps and bogs, Vt. to Ont, N. N. Y. and Mich. June. 4. TSOQA Carr. j Evergreen trees with slender horizontal or drooping branches, flat narrowly linear scattered short-petioled leaves, spreading and appearing 2 -ranked, jointed to very short sterigmata and falling away in drying. Leaf-buds scaly. Staminate aments axillary, short or subglobose; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely dehis- cent, the connective slightly produced beyond them; pollen-grains simple. Ovule- bearing aments terminal, the scales about as long as the bracts, each bearing 2 reflexed ovules on its base. Cones small, ovoid or oblong, pendulous, their scales scarcely woody, obtuse, persistent. Seeds somewhat winged. [Name Japanese.] About 7 species, the following of E. N. Am., 2 in N. W. N. Am., 2 or 3 Asiatic. Cones 1-2 cm. long, their scales remaining appressed. i. T. Canadensis. Cones 2.5-3 cm - l n g> their scales widely spreading at maturity. 2. T. Caroliniana. 1. Tsuga Canadensis (L.) Carr. HEMLOCK. (I. F. f. 124.) A tall forest tree, sometimes 35 m. high, the trunk reaching 1.6 m. in diameter, the lower branches somewhat drooping, the old bark flaky in scales. Foliage dense; leaves obtuse, flat, 1218 mm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, dark green above, pale beneath, the petiole less than one-half as long as the width of the blade; cones oblong, obtuse, as long as or slightly longer than the leaves, their scales suborbicular, obtuse, minutely lacerate or entire, not widely spreading at maturity. N. S. to Minn., south to Del., along the Alleghenies to Ga. and Ala. and to Mich, and Wis. April-May. 2. Tsuga Caroliniana Engelm. CAROLINA HEMLOCK. (I. F. f. 125.) A forest tree attaining a maximum height of about 27 m. and a trunk diameter of 1.3 m., the lower branches drooping. Leaves narrowly linear, obtuse, rather light green above, nearly white beneath, 14-22 mm. long, the petiole nearly as long as the width of the blade; cones 2.5-3 cm. long, the scales firm but scarcely woody, oblong, obtuse, widely spreading at maturity. S. W. Va. to S. Car. and Ga. in the mountains. April. 5. ABIES Juss. Evergreen trees with linear flat scattered sessile leares, spreading so as to appear 2 -ranked, but in reality spirally arranged, not jointed to sterigmata, and commonly quite persistent in drying, the naked twigs marked by the flat scars of their bases. Staminate aments axillary ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely PINACEAE. 35 dehiscent, the connective prolonged into a short knob or point; pollen-grains com- pound. Ovule-bearing aments lateral, erect; ovules 2 on the base of each scale, reflexed, the scale shorter than or exceeding the thin or papery, mucronate or aristate bract. Cones erect, subcylindric or ovoid, their scales deciduous from the persistent axis, orbicular or broader, obtuse. [Ancient name of the firs.] About 20 species, natives of the north temperate zone, chiefly in boreal and mountainous regions. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the western parts of N. Am. and I in Mex. Bracts serrulate, mucronate, shorter than the scales ; leaves obtuse. i. A. balsamea. Bracts aristate, reflexed, longer than the scales ; leaves mostly emarginate. 2. A. Fraseri. 1. Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. BALSAM FIR. (I. F. f. 126.) A slender forest tree attaining a maximum height of about 30 m. and a trunk diameter of I m., usually much smaller and on mountain tops and in high arctic regions reduced to a low shrub. Bark smooth, warty with resin " blisters." Leaves fragrant in dry- ing, less than 2 mm. wide, 12-20 mm. long, obtuse, dark green above, paler beneath or the youngest conspicuously whitened on the lower surface ; cones cylindric, 5-10 cm. long, 2-3 cm. thick, upright, arranged in- rows on the upper side of the branches, violet or purplish when young ; bracts obovate, serrulate, mucronate, shorter than the broad rounded scales. Newf. and Lab. to Hud. Bay and the N. W. Terr., south to Mass., Penn.. along the Alleghenies to Va. and to Mich, and Minn. Canada balsam is derived from the resinous exudations of the trunk. May- June. 2. Abies Fraseri (Pursh) Lindl. FRASER'S BALSAM FIR. (I. F. f. 127.) A forest tree, similar to the preceding species. Leaves, especially the younger, con- spicuously whitened beneath, 1-2 cm. long, nearly 2 mm. wide, emarginate or some of them obtuse at the apex ; cones oblong-cylindric or ovoid-cylindric, 5-8 cm. high, about 2.5 cm. thick, their scales rhomboid, much broader than high, rounded at the apex, much shorter than the papery bracts, which are reflexed, their summits emarginate, serrulate and aristate. On the high Alleghenies of S. W. Va., N. Car., and Tenn. May. 6. TAXODIUM L. C. Rich. Tall trees with horizontal or drooping branches, and alternate spirally arranged sessile linear or scale-like leaves, deciduous in our species, spreading so as to appear 2 -ranked, some of the twigs commonly deciduous in autumn. Leaf-buds naked. Staminate aments very numerous, globose, in long terminal drooping panicled spikes, appearing before the leaves ; anthers 25 celled, the sacs 2-valved. Ovule-bearing aments ovoid, in small terminal clusters, their scales few, bractless, each bearing a pair of ovules on its base. Cones globose or nearly so, the scales thick and woody, rhomboid, fitting close together by their margins, each marked with a triangular scar at its base. Seeds large, sharply triangular-pyramidal. [Name Greek, referring to the yew-like leaves.] Three known species, the following of S. E. N. Am., i Mexican, i Chinese. i. Taxodium distichum (L.) L. C. Rich. BALD CYPRESS. (I. F. f. 128.) A large forest tree, attaining a maximum height of about 50 m. and a trunk di- ameter of nearly 3 m., the old bark flaky in thin strips. Leaves narrowly linear, flat, thin, 1-2 cm. long, I mm. wide, or less, rather light green, acute, those on some of the flowering branches smaller, scale- like; cones globose or slightly longer than thick, pendent at the ends of the branches, very compact, 2-3 cm. in di- ameter; surfaces of the scales irregularly rugose above the inversely triangular scar; seeds 8-10 mm. long. In swamps and along rivers, Del. to Fla., west to Tex., north in the Miss. Valley region to S. Ind., Mo. and Ark. The roots de- velop upright con ; c "knees " sometimes 1.5 m. high and .4 m. thick. March- April. 7. THUJA L. Evergreen, trees or shrubs with frond-like foliage, the leaves small or minute, scale-like, appressed, imbricated, opposite, 4-ranked, those of the ultimate branch- lets mostly obtuse, those of some of the larger twigs acute or subulate. Aments 36 FLORA. monoecious, both kinds terminal, the staminate globose; anthers opposite, 2-4 celled, the sacs globose, 2-valved. Ovule-bearing aments ovoid or oblong, small, their scales opposite, each bearing 2 (rarely 2-5) erect ovules. Cones ovoid or ob- long, mostly spreading or recurved, their scales 6-10, coriaceous, opposite, not peltate, dry, spreading when mature. Seeds oblong, broadly or narrowly winged or wingless. [Name ancient.] About 15 species, natives of North America and eastern Asia. Besides the following, another occurs from Idaho and Or. to Alaska. i. Thuja occidentalis L. WHITE CEDAR. ARBOR VIT.E. (I. F. f. 129.) A conical tree, reaching a height of 22 m. and a trunk diameter of 1.6 m., the old bark deciduous in ragged strips. Scale-like leaves of the ultimate branches nearly obicular, obtuse, 2-3 mm. broad, the two lateral rows keeled, the two other rows flat, causing the twigs to appear much flattened ; leaves of the older twigs narrower and longer, acute or acuminate; mature cones, 8-10 long, their scales obtuse; seeds broadly winged. In wet soil and along the banks of streams, forming almost im- penetrable forests northward, N. B. to James Bay and Man., south to N. J., along the Alleghenies to N. C. and to 111. and Minn. May-June. 8. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach. Evergreen trees, similar to the Tkujas, with minute opposite appressed 4-ranked scale-like leaves, or those of older twigs subulate, and small monoecious terminal aments. Staminate aments as in Thuja, but the filaments broader and shield- shaped. Ovule-bearing aments globose, their scales opposite, peltate, each bear- ing 2-5 erect ovules. Cones globose, the scales thick, peltate, each bearing 2-5 erect seeds, closed until mature, each with a central point or knob. Seeds winged . [Greek, meaning a low cypress.] About 7 species, the following of the eastern U. S., 2 in western N. Am., 3 or 4 Japanese. i. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B. S. P. SOUTHERN WHITE CEDAR. (I. F. f. 130.) A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of about 30 m. and a trunk di- ameter of 1.5 m. Leaves of the ultimate branchlets ovate, acute, scarcely I mm. wide, those of the lateral rows keeled, those of the vertical rows slightly convex, each with a minute round discoid marking on the centre of the back, those of the older twigs narrower and longer, subulate; cones about 6 mm. in diameter, blue, each of their closely fitting scales with a small central point; seeds narrowly winged. In swamps, Mass, and N. H. to N. N. J., Fla. and Miss., mostly near the coast. April-May. 9. JUNI'PERUS L. Evergreen trees or shrubs with opposite or verticillate. subulate or scale-like, sessile leaves, commonly of 2 kinds, and dioecious or sometimes monoecious, small globose axillary or terminal aments. Leaf-buds naked. Staminate aments oblong or ovoid ; anthers 2-6-celled, each sac 2-valved. Ovule-bearing aments of a few opposite somewhat fleshy scales, or these rarely verticillate in 3*5, each bearing a single erect ovule or rarely 2. Cones globose, berry-like by the coalescence of the fleshy scales, containing 1-6 wingless bony seeds. [Name Celtic.] About 30 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, some of them extending into tropical regions. Besides the following, 4 or 5 others occur in the western parts of North America. Leaves all subulate, prickly pointed, verticillate ; aments axillary. Small erect tree or shrub; leaves slender, mostly straight. i. J. communis. Low depressed shrub ; leaves stouter, mostly curved. 2. J. nana. Leaves of 2 kinds, scale-like and subulate, mostly opposite ; aments terminal. Tree ; fruit on short straight branches. 3. J. Virginiana. Depressed shrub ; fruit on short recurved branches. 4. J. Sabina. I. Juniperus communis L. JUNIPER. (I. F. f. 131.) A low tree or erect shrub, sometimes attaining a height of 8 m. and a trunk diameter of 25 cm., usually smaller, the branches spreading or drooping, the bark shreddy. Leaves subulate, rigid, spreading, or some of the lower reflexed, mostly straight, prickly pointed, verticillate in 3*3, often with smaller ones fascicled in their axils, i -2 cm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, channeled and commonly whitened on the upper surface ; aments TAXACEAE. 37 axillary; berry-like cones sessile or very nearly so, dark blue, 6-8 mm. diameter. On dry hills, N. S. to Br. Col., south to N. J., Penn., Mich., Neb. and in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. Also in Europe and Asia. The fruit is used for flavoring gin, April-May. Fruit ripe Oct. 2. Juniperus nana Willd. Low JUNIPER. (I. F. f. 132.) A depressed rigid shrub, seldom over o. 5 m. high, forming circular patches often 3-4 m. in diameter. Leaves similar to those of the preceding, but stouter, similarly channeled and often whitened above, appressed-ascending, rather rigid, spiny-tipped, 8-12 mm. long, mostly incurved, densely clothing the twigs, verticillate in 3's; aments axillary: berry-like cones blue, 8-iomm. in diameter. In dry, open places, Lab. to Br. Col., south to Mass., N. Y., Mich, and in the Rocky Mts. to Col. and Utah. Also in Europe and Asia. The characteristic growth in a depressed circular patch gives the plant a very different aspect from the true Juniper. April-May. 3. Juniperus Virginiana L. RED CEDAR. SAVIN. (I. F. f. 133.) Atree, reaching a maximum height of about 32 m. and a trunk diameter of 1.6 m., conic when young, but the branches spreading in age. Leaves mostly opposite, all those of young plants and commonly some of those on the older twigs of older trees subulate, spiny -tipped, 4-8 mm. long, those of the mature foliage scale-like, acute or subacute, closely appressed and imbricated, 4-ranked, causing the twigs to appear quadrangu- lar; aments terminal; berry-like cones light blue, glaucous, about 6 mm. in di- ameter, on straight peduncle-like branchlets of less than their own length, 1-2 seeded. In dry soil, N. B. to Br. Col., Fla., Tex., N. Mex. and Ariz. Also in the \V. I. Wood used in large quantities in the manufacture of lead pencils. April-May. Fruit ripe Sept.-Oct. 4. Juniperus Sabma L. SHRUBBY RED CEDAR. (I. F. f. 134.) A de- pressed shrub, seldom more than 1.3 m. high. Leaves similar to those of the pre- ceding species, those of young plants and the older twigs of older plants subulate, spiny-tipped, those of the mature foliage scale-like, appressed, 4-ranked. acute or acuminate; aments terminal; berry-like cones light blue, somewhat glacuous, 8-IO mm. in diameter, borne on recurved peduncle-like branchlets of less than their own length. 1-4 seeded. On banks, N. S. to Br. Col., south to Mass , N. N. Y., Minn. and Mont. xVlso in Europe and Asia. April-May. Family 2. TAXACEAE Lindl. Trees or shrubs, resin-bearing except Taxus. Leaves evergreen or de- ciduous, linear, or in several exotic genera broad or sometimes fan-shaped, the pollen-sacs and ovules borne in separate clusters or solitary. Perianth wanting. Stamens much as in the Pinaceae. Ovules with either one or two integuments ; when two, the outer one fleshy ; when only one, its outer part fleshy. Fruit drupe-like or rarely a cone. About 8 genera and 75 species, of wide geographic distribution, most numerous in the southern hemisphere. The Maiden-hair Tree, Gtnkgo biloba, of China and Japan, with fan-shaped leaves, is an interesting tree, formerly included in the group, much planted for ornament, now regarded as forming a distinct natural family. i. TAXUS. Evergreen trees or shrubs, with spirally arranged short-petioled linear flat mucronate leaves, spreading so as to appear 2-ranked, and axillary and solitary, sessile or subsessile very small aments; staminate aments consisting of a few scaly bracts and 5-8 stamens, their filaments united to the middle; anthers 4-6-celled. Ovules solitary, axillary, erect, subtended by a fleshy, annular disk which is bracted at the base. Fruit consisting of the fleshy disk which becomes cup- shaped, red, and nearly encloses the bony seed. [Name ancient.] About 6 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs in Fla., one in Mex. and one on the Pacific coast. I. Taxus Canadensis Marsh. AMERICAN YEW. GROUND HEMLOCK. (I. F. i 135.) A low shrub, seldom over 1.5 m. high. -Leaves dark green on both sides, narrowly linear, mucronate, narrowed at the base, I2-2O mm. long, nearly 2 mm. wide, persistent on the twigs in drying; staminate aments globose, 2 mm. long, usually numerous; ovules usually few; fruit red and pulpy, resinous, oblong, 38 FLORA. nearly 6 mm. hig , the top of the seed not covered by the fleshy integument. In woods, Newf. to Man., N. J., in the Alleghenies to Va., and to la. April-May. Class II. ANGIOSPERMAE. Ovules (macrosporanges) enclosed in a cavity (the ovary) formed by the infolding and uniting of the margins of a modified rudimentary leaf (carpel), or of several such leaves joined together, in which the seeds are ripened. The pollen-grains (microspores) on alighting upon the summit of the carpel (stigma) germinate, sending out a pollen-tube which pene- trates its tissues and reaching an ovule enters the orifice of the latter (micropyle), and its tip coming in contact with a germ-cell in the embryo- sac, fertilization is effected. In a few cases the pollen-tube enters the ovule at the chalaza, not at the micropyle. There are two sub-classes, distinguished as follows : Cotyledon one ; stem endogenous. Sub-class i. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Cotyledons two ; stem (with rare exceptions) exogenous. Sub-class 2. DICOTYLEDONES. Sub-class i. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Embryo with a single cotyledon and the first leaves of the germinat- ing plantlet alternate. Stem composed of a ground-mass of soft tissue (parenchyma) in which bundles of wood-cells are irregularly imbedded ; no distinction into wood, pith and bark. Leaves usually parallel-veined, mostly alternate and entire, commonly sheathing the stem at the base and often with no distinction of blade and petiole. Flowers mostly 3- merous or 6-merous. Order I. PANDANALES. Our species aquatic or marsh plants, with narrow elongated leaves and very small, imperfect and incomplete flowers in spikes or heads. Perianth of bristles, or of chaffy scales. Ovary i, 1-2 -celled. Endo- sperm mealy or fleshy. The order takes its name from the tropical genus Pandanus, the so- called Screw-Pine. Flowers in terminal spikes. Fam. i. Typhaceae. Flowers capitate, the heads axillary to leaf-like bracts. Fam. 2. Sparganiaceae. Family i. TYPHACEAE J. St. Hil. Cat-tail Family * Marsh or aquatic plants with creeping rootstocks, fibrous roots and glabrous erect, terete stems. Leaves linear, flat, ensiform, striate, sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious, densely crowded in termi- nal spikes, which are subtended by spathaceous, usually fugacious bracts, and divided at intervals by smaller bracts, which are caducous, the staminate spikes uppermost. Perianth of bristles. Stamens 2-7, the filaments connate. Ovary i, stipitate, i-2-celled. Ovules anatro- pous. Styles as many as the cells of the ovary. Mingled among the stamens and pistils are bristly hairs, and among the pistillate flowers many sterile flowers with clavate tips. Fruit nutlike. Endosperm copious. The family comprises only the following genus : i. TYPHA L. Characters of the family. [Name ancient.] About 10 species, widely dis- tributed in temperate and tropical regions. Besides those here described, another occurs in Cal. * Contributed by the late Rev. THOMAS MORO:SG. SPA RCA NIA CEA E. 39 Spikes dark brown or black, the pistillate and staminate usually contiguous, the former without bractlets ; stigmas spatulate or rhomboid ; pollen 4-grained. i. T. latifolia. Spikes light brown, the pistillate and staminate usually distant, the former with bract- lets ; stigmas linear ; pollen in simple grains. 2. T. angustifolia. 1. Typha latifolia L. BROAD-LEAVED CAT-TAIL. (I. F. f. 136.) Stems stout, 1-2.7 m. high. Leaves 6-25 mm. broad; spikes dark brown or black, the staminate and pistillate portions usually contiguous, each 7.5-30 cm. long and often 2 cm. or more in diameter, the pistillate without bractlets; stigmas rhomboid or spatulate; pollen-grains in 4's ; fruit furrowed, bursting in water ; seeds with a separable outer coat. In marshes, throughout N. Am., except the extreme north. Also in Europe and Asia. June-July. Fruit, Aug. -Sept. 2. Typha angustifolia L. NARROW-LEAVED CAT-TAIL. (I. F. f. 137.) Stems slender, 1.5-3.5 m. high. Leaves mostly narrower than those of the pre- ceding species, 4-12 mm. wide; spikes light brown, the staminate and pistillate portions usually distant, the two together sometimes 0.5 m. long, the pistillate, when mature, 6-1 6 mm. in diameter, and provided with bractlets; stigmas linear or linear-oblong; pollen-grains simple; fruit not furrowed, not bursting in water; outer coat of the seed not separable. Abundant in marshes along the Atlantic Coast from N. S. to Fla. and Cuba, but also occurring rather rarely inland. Also in Europe and Asia. June-July. Fruit, Aug.-Sept. Family 2. SPARGANIACEAE Agardh. 1858. Bur -reed Family * Marsh or pond plants with creeping rootstocks and fibrous roots, erect or floating simple or branched stems, and linear alternate leaves, sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious, densely crowded in globose heads at the upper part of the stem and branches, the staminate heads uppermost, sessile or peduncled. Spathes linear, immediately beneath or at a distance below the head. Perianth of a few irregular chaffy scales. Stamens commonly 5, their filaments distinct; anthers oblong or cuneate. Ovary sessile, mostly i -celled. Ovules anatropous. Fruit mostly i -celled, nutlike. Embryo nearly straight, in copious endo- sperm. The family comprises only the following genus : I. SPARGANIUM L. Characters of the family. [Greek, referring to the ribbon-like leaves.] About 10 species, of temperate and cold regions. Besides the following, one occurs in Cal. Fruit sessile. i. S. eurycarpum. Fruit stalked. Inflorescence branching. 2. S. androcladum, Inflorescence simple. Staminate heads 4-6, pistillate 2-6, 10-16 mm. in diameter. 3. S. simplex. Staminate heads 1-2, pistillate 1-3, 4-10 mm. in diameter. 4. .5". minimum* 1. Sparganium eurycarpura Engehn. BROAD-FRUITED BUR-REED. (I. F. f. 138.) Stems stout, 1-2.8 m. high, branching. Leaves flat, slightly keeled be- neath, the lowest 1-2 m. long; staminate heads numerous; pistillate heads 2-4 on the stem or branch, sessile or peduncled, hard, compact and 23 cm. in diameter when mature; style I; stigmas 1-2; nutlets 6-10 mm. long, obtusely 4~5-angled, narrowed at the base, the top rounded, flattened or depressed, abruptly tipped with the style; scales as long or nearly as long as the fruit and as many as its angles, often with 2 or 3 other exterior ones, somewhat spatulate, the apex rounded, denticulate or eroded. In marshes and along streams, Newf. to Br. Col., south to Va., Mo., Utah and Cal. 2. Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong. BRANCHING BUR-REED. (1. F. f. 139?) Stem slender, more or less branching, 2.56 cm. high. Pistillate * Contributed by the late Rev. THOMAS MORONG. 40 FLORA. heads 3-7, sessile or the lowest peduncled, axillary or the peduncles and branches axillary ; style I ; stigma I (rarely 2) ; fruiting heads 1225 mm i n diameter ; nut- lets fusiform, 4-6 mm. long, 3 mm. thick, often strongly contracted at the middle, tapering into the style ; scales oblong, as long as the nutlets or shorter, the exterior ones narrower ; stalk of fruit 2 mm. long or more. In bogs or shallow water, N. S. to Ont. and Br. Col., south to Fla. and La. June Aug. Sparganium androcladum fluctuans Morong. Floating in deep water with long slender stems and thin leaves 2-7 mm. wide ; inflorescence usually sparingly branched ; fruiting heads 8-12 mm. in diameter. In cold ponds, N. B. to Penn. 3. Sparganium simplex Huds. SIMPLE-STEMMED BUR-REED. (I. F. f. 140.) Stem slender, 3-60 cm. high, simple. Leaves more or less triquetrous, 4-8 mm. wide; inflorescence 2-20 cm. long; staminate heads 4-6; pistillate 2-6, sessile or the lowest peduncled ; fruiting heads 10 16 mm. in diameter ; nutlets fusiform or narrowly oblong, obtusely angled at the apex, more or less contracted in the middle, smaller than those of the preceding species and more tapering at the summit ; scales denticulate, about one-half as long as the nutlets ; stigma linear, as long as the style or shorter, rarely 2 ; stalk of fruit about 2 mm. long. Borders of ponds and streams, Newf. to Br. Col., Penn., Mont, and Cal. June-Aug. Sparganium simplex angustifblium (Michx.) Engelm. Floating in deep water. Leaves very long, 1-3 mm. wide, their sheaths often inflated at the base ; staminate and pistillate heads 1-4 ; fruiting heads 6-15 mm. in diameter. In mountain lakes and slow streams, Newf. to Ore., N. Y. and Cal. 4. Sparganium minimum Fries. SMALL BUR-REED. (I. F. f. 141.) Float- ing, stems very slender, o.l-I m. long. Leaves thin and lax, 1-5 mm. wide ; inflor- escence 2 cm. or more long ; staminate heads 1-2 ; pistillate, 1-3, sessile, axillary, supra- axillary or the lowest on an axillary peduncle ; ripe fruiting heads 410 mm. in diameter ; nutlets ovoid, slightly triangular, tapering abruptly into the style, 2-4 mm. long, twice as long as the denticulate scales ; stigma oval, often oblique, about as long as the style; stalk of the nutlet 0.5-1 mm. long, often apparently none. In ponds and streams, N. B. to Man. and Ore., south to N. J., Mich, and Utah. Also in northern Europe. Dwarf forms, growing out of water, sometimes occur with stems 3'-6' high. June-Aug. Order 2. NAIADALES. Aquatic or marsh herbs, the leaves various in form. Flowers perfect, monoecious or dioecious. Perianth present, or wanting. Parts of the flower mostly unequal in number. Carpels i or more, mostly distinct and separate (united in Vallisneriaceae ; united at least until maturity in Scheuchzeriaceae) ; endosperm none, or very little. Perianth, if present, inferior ; carpels mostly distinct. Perianth-segments, when present, herbaceous. Carpels distinct ; aquatic herbs. Fam. i. Naiadaceae. Carpels united until maturity; bog plants ; flowers racemed or spiked. Fam. 2. Scheuchzeriaceae. Perianth of 2 series of segments, the outer green, the inner mostly white. Fam. 3. Alismaceae. Perianth superior; carpels united. Fam. 4. Vallisneriaceae. Family i. NAIADACEAE Lindl.* Immersed aquatic plants with slender, often branching, leafy stems, the leaves flat or filiform, and perfect, monoecious or dioecious, spicate axil- * Contributed by the late Rev. THOMAS MORONG. NA I A DA CEA E. 41 lary or spadiceous flowers. Perianth of 4 segments, or a hyaline envelope, or wanting. Stamens 1-4 or occasionally more, distinct and hypogynous in the perfect flowers, solitary or connate in the sterile. Anthers ex- trorse, i-2-celled. Ovaries 1-9, mostly distinct, i-celled, mostly i-ovuled. Carpels rarely dehiscent. Seeds straight or curved. Endosperm none. About 10 genera and 100 species of wide geographical distribution, most abundant in temperate regions. The months noted in the descriptions indicate the fruiting period. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 4 distinct segments. i. Potamogeton. Perianth none ; flowers naked. 2. Ruppia. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Leaves entire. Leaves i-nerved, 2-8 cm. long, 0.5 mm. or less wide. 3. Zanuichellia. Leaves many-nerved, 0.3-1.6 m. long, 2-8 mm. wide. 4. Zostera. Leaves spiny-too'thed on the margins. 5. Naias. i. POTAMOGETON L. Leaves alternate or the uppermost opposite, often of 2 kinds, submerged and float- ing, the submerged mostly linear, the floating coriaceous, lanceolate, ovate or oval. Spathes stipular, often ligulate, free or connate with the base of the leaf or petiole, enclosing the young buds and usually soon perishing after expanding. Peduncles axillary, usually emersed. Flowers small, spicate, green or red. Perianth-segments 4, short-clawed, concave, valvate. Stamens 4, inserted on the claws of the perianth- segments. Anthers sessile. Ovaries 4, sessile, distinct, I -celled, i-ovuled, attenu- ated into a short style, or with a sessile stigma. Fruit of 4 drupelets, the pericarp usually thin and hard or spongy. Seeds crustaceous, campylotropous, with an unci- nate embryo thickened at the radicular end. [Greek, in allusion to the aquatic habitat.] About 65 well-defined species, natives of temperate regions. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the southern parts of N. Am. Stipules axillary and free from the leaf. With floating and submerged leaves. Submerged leaves bladeless. Nutlets more or less pitted. i. P. natans. Nutlets not pitted. 2. P. Oakesianus. Submerged leaves with a proper blade. Submerged leaves of 2 kinds, lanceolate and oval or oblong. Uppermost broadly oval or elliptic, lowest lanceolate. 3. P. amplifolius. Uppermost lanceolate and pellucid, lowest oblong and opaque. 4. P. pulcher, Submerged leaves all alike, capillary or linear-setaceous. i-nerved or nerveless. 25. P. Vaseyi. 3-nerved 26. P. lateralis. Submerged leaves all alike, linear. Nearly the same breadth throughout, obtusely pointed, coarsely cellular- reticulated in the middle. 5. P. Nuttallii. Broader at base, acute, without cellular-reticulation. 9. P. heterophyllus. Submerged leaves all alike, lanceolate. Uppermost leaves uetioled, lowest sessile. 6. P. alpimts. All the leaves petioled. Floating leaves large, broadly elliptic, rounded or subcordate at base. -LI. P. Illinoensis. Floating leaves narrowly elliptic, tapering at base. 7. P. lonchites. Floating leaves mostly obovate or oblanceolate, tapering at base. 8. P. Faxoni. All the, leaves sessile or subsessile. Fruit only 2 mm. long, obscurely 3-keeled. 10. P. spathulaeformis. Fruit 3 mm. long, distinctly 3-keeled. 12. P. Zizii. 42 FLORA. With submerged leaves only. Without propagating buds and without glands. Leaves with broad blades, mostly lanceolate or ovate, many-nerved. Leaves subsessile or short-petioled, mostly acute or cuspidate. 13. P. lucens. Leaves semi-amplexicaul, obtuse and cucullate at the apex. 14. P. praelongus. Leaves meeting around the stem, very obtuse at the apex, not cucullate. 15. P. perfoliatus. Leaves with narrow blades, linear or oblong-linear, several-nerved. Leaves oblong-linear, 5~7-nerved, obtuse at the apex. 16. P. Mysticus. Leaves narrowly linear, 3-nerved, acute at the apex. 2r. P.foliosus. Leaves with narrow blades, capillary or setaceous, i -nerved or nerveless. 17. P. confervoides. With propagating buds or glands, or both. With buds, but without glands. Leaves serrulate, 3~7-nerved. 18. P. crispus. Leaves entire, with 3 principal and many fine nerves. 19. P. zosteraefolius. Commonly with glands, but no buds. Stems long-branching from the base ; leaves lax, flat, 3-nerved, abruptly acute or cuspidate. 20. P. Hillii. Stems simple ; leaves strict, revolute, 3~5-nerved, acuminate. 24. P. rutilus, With both buds and glands. Glands large and translucent ; buds rare. 22. P. obtusifolius. Glands small, often dull ; buds common. Leaves linear, 5~7-nerved. 23. P. Friesii. Leaves linear, 3-nerved. 27. P. pusillus. Leaves capillary, i-nerved or nerveless. 28. P. gemmiparus, Stipules adnate to the leaves or petioles. With both floating and submerged leaves. Submerged peduncles as long as the spikes, clavate, often recurved. 29. P. diversifolius. Submerged peduncles none, or at most hardly 2 mm. long. 30. P. Spirillus. With submerged leaves only. Stigma broad and sessile. 31. P. filiformis. Style apparent ; stigma capitate. Fruit without keels or obscurely keeled. 32. P. pectinatus. Fruit strongly 3-keeled. Leaves entire, 3~5-nerved. 33. P, interruptus. Leaves minutely serrulate, finely many-nerved. 34. P. Robbinsii. 1. Potamogeton natans L. COMMON FLOATING PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 142.) Stems 0.6-1.3 m - l n g> simple or sparingly branched. Floating leaves thick, the blade ovate, oval or elliptic, 5-10 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, usually with a short abrupt tip, rounded or subcordate at the base, many-nerved; submerged leaves reduced to phyllodes which commonly perish early; stipules sometimes 10 cm. long, acute, 2-keeled; peduncles as thick as the stem. 5-10 cm. long; spikes very dense, about 5 cm. long; fruit turgid, 4-4.5 mm - ' on g' about 2.5 mm. thick, scarcely keeled, narrowly obovoid, slightly curved on the face; style broad; nutlet hard, pitted or impressed on the sides, 2 -grooved on the back ; embryo forming an incomplete circle, the apex pointing toward the base. In ponds and streams, throughout N. Am. except the extreme north, extending into Ivfex. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 2. Potamogeton Oakesianus Robbins. OAKES' PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 143.) Stems very slender, often much branched from below. Floating leaves elliptic, mostly obtuse, rounded or subcordate at the base, 2-5 cm. long, 10-20 mm. wide, !2-2O-nerved; petioles 5-15 cm. long; submerged leaves mere capillary phyllodes, often persistent; peduncles 2-8 cm. long, commonly thicker than the stem; spikes cylindric, 12-25 cm. long; stipules acute, hardly keeled*; fruit obovoid, about 3 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, nearly straight on the face, 3-keeled, the middle keel sharp; style apical or subapical; sides of the nutlet not pitted, but sometimes NA I A DA CEAE. 43 slightly impressed; embryo circle incomplete, the apex pointing toward the base. In still water, Anticosti to N. Penn. and N. J. Summer. 3. Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. LARGE-LEAVED PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 144.) Stems long, simple or occasionally branched. Floating leaves oval or ovate, abruptly pointed at the apex, rounded at the base, 5-10 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, many-nerved ; submerged leaves mostly petioled, large, the uppermost often elliptic or oval, 7-15 cm - l n g> 2 ~5 cm wide, the lowest lanceolate, often 20 cm. long, with about 25 nerves, often with the sides closed and assuming a falcate shape; stipules tapering to a long sharp point, sometimes 10 cm. long ; peduncles thickened upward, 5-20 cm. long; spikes 2-5 cm. long; fruit 4-5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. thick, turgid, the pericarp hard, obliquely obovoid, 3-keeled ; face more or less angled ; style subapical ; embryo slightly incurved. In lakes, Ont. to Br. Col., south to Conn., Ky. and Neb. July-Sept. 4. Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerm. SPOTTED PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 145.) Stems simple, terete, black-spotted, 0.3-0.7 mm. long. Floating leaves usually massed at the top on short lateral branches, alternate, ovate or round-ovate, sub- cordate, 2-8 cm. long, 5-11 cm. wide, many-nerved; peduncles about as thick as the stem, 5-10 cm. long, spotted ; submerged leaves of 2 kinds, the uppermost pellucid, lanceolate, long-acuminate, undulate, 7-20 cm. long, 1-3.5 cm - wide, tapering at the base into a short petiole, iO-2O-nerved ; the lowest much thicker, opaque, spatulate, long; stipules 2-carinate ; fruit 4-4.5 mm. long, 3 mm. thick, turgid, tapering into a stout apical style, the back sharply 3-keeled ; face angled near the middle, with a sinus below ; embryo coiled. In ponds and pools, Me. to Ga. and Mo. July. 5. Potamogeton Nuttallii Cham. & Sch. NUTTALL'S PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 146.) Stems slender, compressed, mostly simple, 0.3-2 m. long. Floating leaves opposite, elliptic, to obovate, obtuse, short-petioled, 3-8 cm. long, 8-24 mm. wide, many-nerved; submerged leaves linear, 2-ranked, 5-17 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, 5-nerved, the 2 outer nerves nearly marginal, the space between the 2 inner and the midrib reticulated ; stipules obtuse, hyaline, not keeled ; peduncles 2-13 cm. long; spikes 1-2.5 cm - l n g J ^ rmt round-obovoid 2.5-4 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, 3-keeled, the sides flat and indistinctly impressed ; style short, apical ; embryo coiled one and one-third times. In ponds and streams, N. S. to Penn. and S. C. June-Aug. 6. Potamogeton alpinus Balbis. NORTHERN PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 147.) Plant of a ruddy tinge ; stems simple or branched, somewhat compressed. Float- ing leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, obtuse, many-nerved, tapering into petioles 212 cm. long; submerged leaves semi-pellucid, the lowest sessile, the uppermost petioled, oblong-linear or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or rarely acute, narrowed at the base, 7-30 cm. long, 4-20 mm. wide, 7-i7-nerved; stipules broad, faintly 2-cari- nate, obtuse or rarely acute; spikes 2-3 cm. long; fruit obovoid, lenticular, reddish, 2.5 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, 3-keeled, the middle keel sharp, the face arched, beaked by the short recurved style ; apex of the embryo pointing directly to the basal end. In ponds, N. S. to Br. Col., N. J. and Cal. Also in Europe. July-Aug. 7. Potamogeton lonchites Tuckerm. LONG-LEAVED PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 148.) Stem terete, much branched, 1-2 m. long. Floating leaves rather thin, elliptic, pointed at both ends, 5-15 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, many - nerved, petioled; submerged leaves pellucid, 10-32 cm. long, 4-24 mm. wide, rounded at the base or tapering into a petiole; stipules acuminate, strongly or faintly 2- carinate; peduncles thickening upward, 5-8 cm. long; spikes cylindric, 25 cm. long; fruit about 4 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, obliquely obovoid, the face nearly straight, the back 3-keeled, the middle keel rounded or often with a projecting wing under the style, not impressed on the sides; embryo slightly incurved, apex pointing slightly inside of the base. In ponds and slow streams, N. Br. to Wash., Fla. and Cal. July-Oct. Potamogeton lonchites Noveboracensis Morong. Floating leaves thicker, 7-14 cm. long, about 5 cm. wide, 2o-24-nerved, abruptly pointed or obtuse at the apex ; peduncles sometimes 10-12 cm. and spikes 7.5 cm. long. Lakes of Cent. N. Y. 8. Potamogeton Faxoni Morong. FAXON'S PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 149.) Floating leaves numerous, mostly obovate or oblanceolate, blunt-pointed or obtus 44 FLORA. at the apex, narrowed at the base, often strikingly like those of P. spatlmlaeformis, 5-9 cm. long, 15-25 mm. wide, I3~i7-nerved, petioled; submerged leaves oblong- lanceolate, acute or sometimes obtuse, 7-13 cm. long, 1-25 cm. wide, 5~i3-nerved, often with an irregular areolation on each side of the midrib; petioles 1.22.5 cm. in length; peduncles slightly thicker than the stem; spikes dense, 2-5 cm. long; fruit not collected. Little Otter Creek and Lake Champlain, Ferrisburg, Vt. ?. Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. VARIOUS-LEAVED PONDWEED. '. f. 150.) Stems slender, compressed, much branched, sometimes 4 m. long. Floating leaves pointed at the apex, mostly rounded or subcordate at the base, 1.5 lo cm. long, 8-30 mm. wide, lo-l8-nerved, on petioles 2-10 cm. long ; submerged leaves pellucid, sessile, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, cuspidate, rather stiff, 2-15 cm. long, 2-16 mm. wide, 3~9-nerved, the uppermost often petioled ; peduncles often thickened upward, sometimes clustered; stipules spreading, obtuse 1.5-2.5 cm. long; spikes 1.825 cm. long; fruit roundish or obliquely obovoid, 23 mm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, indistinctly 3-keeled ; style short, obtuse, apical ; apex of the embryo nearly touching the base, pointing slightly inside of it. A very variable species, occurring in different forms throughout almost all N. Am. except the extreme north. Also in Europe. July-Sept. Potamogeton heterophyllus graminifolius (Fries) Morong. Submerged leaves deli- cate, flaccid, linear, 4-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide With the type. Potamogeton heterophyllus myriophyllus (Robbins) Morong. Stems dichotomously branching, very leafy ; submerged leaves delicate, about 2.5 cm. long and 4 mm. wide, 3-5- nerved, linear or the upper oblanceolate ; floating leaves elliptic or lanceolate-oblong ; rootstock tuberous. Mass., R. I. and Conn. Potamogeton heterophyllus minimus Morong. Stems long and almost capillary, the internodes 7-10 cm. long, densely clustered on short lateral branches, 1-2.5 cm - l n g> scarcely 0.5 mm. wide, acuminate, i-nerved ; floating leaves 1-3.5 cm - l n &i 6-18 mm. wide, lanceolate, oval or ovate, usually clustered at the summit of the stem. Mass, and N. H. 10. Potamogeton spathulaeformis (Robbins) Morong. SPATULATE-LEAVED PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 151.) Stems many, branched, 0.6-1 m. long. Floating leaves obovate or elliptic, abruptly acute at the apex, rather thin, 13-23-nerved, 2-6 cm. long, 1.52.5 cm. wide, borne on slender petioles; submerged leaves pellucid, spatulate- oblong or linear-lanceolate, 5~* cm - l n g> 6 i8mm. wide, 5 13-nerved, cuspidate or spinescent, sessile or subsessile, often reduced to phyllodes with a very narrow blade and a long acumination at the base and apex; peduncles often thickening upward, 2-5 cm. long ; stipules obtuse, faintly keeled, the apex slightly hooded ; spikes large ; fruit about 2 mm. long, roundish or obliquely ovoid, obscurely 3-keeled, with a curved or slightly angled face ; embryo with the apex pointing slightly inside of the base. In Mystic Pond, Medford, Mass. Also in Europe. Summer. xi. Potamogeton Illinoensis Morong. ILLINOIS PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 152.) Stem stout, much branched above. Floating leaves opposite, numerous, thick, 10-14 cm. long, 5-9 cm. wide, many-nerved' oval or broadly elliptic, short- pointed, petioled ; submerged leaves numerous, 10-20 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, 13-19-nerved, acuminate or the uppermost acute, mostly tapering at the base into a short, broad, flat petiole, rarely reduced to phyllodes ; stipules 5^8 cm. long, obtuse, strongly 2-carinate ; peduncles 5-10 cm. long ; spikes 2-5 cm. long ; fruit roundish or obovoid, 3-4 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, dorsally 3-keeled ; style short, blunt. In ponds, 111. to la. and Minn. Aug. 12. Potamogeton Zizii Roth. Ziz's PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 153.) Stems slender, branching. Floating leaves elliptic, 4-10 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm - wide, many- nerved ; petioles mostly short ; submerged leaves mostly lanceolate or oblanceolate, thin, acute or cuspidate, 5-15 cm. long, 6-30 mm. wide, 7-17-nerved ; stipules obtuse, 2-keeled ; peduncles thicker than the stem, 6-15 cm. long ; spikes 2-5 cm. long ; fruit obliquely obovoid, 2.5-4 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick, the face dorsally 3-keeled ; style short, blunt, facial ; apex of the embryo pointing directly to the base. In lakes and streams, Que. to Mont., Fla. and Wyo. Also in Europe. July-Aug. Potamogeton Zizii Methy^nsis (A. Benn.) Morong. Middle leaves narrow ; upper leaves oval ; stipules long ; fruit small. Methy Lake, Can. NA1ADACEAE. 45 13. Potamogeton lucens L. SHINING PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 154.) Stem thick, branching below and often with masses of short leafy branches at the summit. Leaves all submerged, elliptic, lanceolate or the uppermost oval, shining, sessile or short- petioled, 6-20 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, the tips often serrulate ; stipules 2-carinate, sometimes very broad ; peduncles 7-15 cm. long ; spikes 5-6 cm. long, very thick ; fruit about 3 mm. long and 2.5 mm. thick, roundish, the face usually with a slight inward curve at the base ; apex of the embryo pointing transversely inward. In ponds, N. S. to Fla., west to Cal. and Mex. Local. Also in Europe. Sept.-Oct. Potamogeton lucens Connecticutensis Robbins. Stems flexuous ; leaves acuminate ; fruit larger than that of the type (about 4 mm. long), distinctly 3-carinate and with a facial style. Saltonstall's Pond, Conn., and White Plains, N. Y. 14. Potamogeton praelongus Wulf. WHITE-STEMMED PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 155.) Stems white, flexuous, flattened, much branched, growing in deep water, sometimes 2.6 m. long. Leaves all submerged, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, semi- amplexicaul, bright green, 1-3.5 cm - l n g> 5~3 cm - wide, with 3-5 main nerves; stipules white, scarious, obtuse and commonly closely embracing the stem ; peduncles 7-50 cm. long, erect, straight, about as thick as the stem; spikes 2-5 cm. long, thick, cylindric; fruit dark green, obliquely obovoid, 45 mm. long, 34 mm. thick, the back much rounded, often with the upper curve nearly as high as the style; the middle keel sharp ; style short, obtuse, facial. N. S. to Br. Col., N. J., Minn, and Cal. Also in Europe. June-July. 15. Potamogeton perfoliatus L. CLASPING-LEAVED PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 156.) Stems slender, much branched. Leaves all submerged, orbicular or ovate, sometimes lanceolate, usually obtuse and minutely serrulate at the apex, cordate- perfoliate at the base, 3-5 cm. long, 0.5-2.5 cm. wide; peduncles 3.5 cm. long, usually erect or slightly spreading; spikes 1.5-2.5 cm. long; fruit obliquely obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, obscurely 3-carinate on the back, the face slightly curved outwardly toward the top, the sides with a shallow indentation which runs into the face; style nearly facial; embryo slightly incurved or with its apex pointing directly toward the base. In ponds and streams, Newf. to Br. Col., Fla., and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. Potamogeton perfoliatus Richards&nii A. Bennett. Leaves 2-12 cm. long, 8-16 mm. wide at the broadened amplexicaul base, often curving inward at the apex, 13-23- nerved. Fruit somewhat larger than that of the type, about 4 mm. long and 2.5 mm. thick. N. N. E. to Or., Del., Neb., and Cal. 16. Potamogeton My"sticus Morong. MYSTIC POND PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 157.) Whole plant very slender and delicate, stems irregularly branching above, nearly filiform, terete, 0.3-3.3 m - l n g- Leaves all submerged, scattered oblong- linear, 2-4 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, 5~7-nerved, obtuse and rarely with minute serrulations near the apex, abruptly narrowed at the base and sessile or partly clasping; stipules obtuse, about 12 mm. long, hyaline and with many fine nerves, mostly deciduous, but sometimes persistent and closely sheathing the stem; spikes few, capitate, 4-6-flowered, borne on erect peduncles 2-5 cm. long; immature fruit obovoid, less than 2 mm. long, about I mm. wide, obscurely 3 -keeled on the back, slightly beaked by the slender, recurved style. Mystic Pond, Medford, and Miacount Pond, Nantucket, Mass. Aug. Sept. 17. Potamogeton confervoides Reichb. ALGA-LIKE PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 158.) Stems slender, terete, 15-45 cm. long, the upper branches repeatedly forking. Leaves very delicate, flat, setaceous, 2-6 cm. long, the broadest scarcely 0.5 mm. wide, tapering to a long hair-like point, 1-3 -nerved and often with a few cross-veins; stipules delicate, obtuse, 4-6 mm. long; peduncles 5-20 cm. long, erect, somewhat thickened upward; spikes 6-8 mm. long; fruit roundish -obovoid, 2-3 mm. long and about as thick, the back sometimes a little angular or sinuate, 3-keeled, the middle keel sharp, the face notched near the base, the sides impressed with a shallow indentation which runs into the notch of the face ; apex of the embryo nearly touching the base a little to one side. In cold or mountain ponds, Me. and N. H. to N. J. and Penn. Also in Europe. Aug. -Sept. 46 FLORA. 18. Potamogeton crispus L. CURLED-LEAVED PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 159.) Stems branching, compressed. Leaves 2-ranked, linear-oblong or linear-oblanceo- late, sessile or semi-amplexicaui, obtuse, serrulate, crisped, i-io cm. long, 6-14 mm. wide, 3-7 -nerved, the midrib often compound and the outer nerves very near the margin; stipules small, scarious, obtuse, early perishing; peduncles 2-5 cm. long, frequently recurved in fruit, sometimes very numerous; spikes about i cm. long, appearing very bristly with the long-beaked drupelets when in fruit ; fruit ovoid, about 3 mm. long, 2 mm. or more wide, 3 -keeled on the back, the middle keel with a small projecting tooth near the base, the face slightly curved, the style facial and nearly as long as the drupelet; embryo small, its apex pointing directly toward its base. The plant is mainly propagated by peculiar winter buds. In fresh, brackish or even salt water, Mass., Penn., and Va. Also in Europe. Aug. 19. Potamogeton zosteraefolius Schum. EEL-GRASS PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 160.) Stems much flattened, sometimes winged, widely branching. Leaves linear, obtuse and mucronate or sharp-pointed at the apex, 5-30 cm. long. 2-5 mm. wide, with 3 principal nerves and many fine ones; stipules scarious, obtuse, finely nerved, soon perishing ; peduncles 3-10 cm. long; spikes cylindric, about i cm. long, 12-15-flowered ; fruit obovoid with a broad base, about 4 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. thick, 3-keeled on the back, the lateral keels rather obscure ; face arched, beaked with a short recurved style; embryo slightly incurved. The plant is prop- agated by the terminal leaf-buds, which sink to the bottom, and rest during the winter. In still or running water, N. B. to N. J., west to Or. Also in Europe. July-Aug. 20. Potamogeton Hlllii Morong. HILL'S PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 161.) Stems slightly compressed, slender, widely branching, 0.3-0.6 m. long. Leaves linear, acute, cuspidate, or often almost aristate, 2-6 cm. long, 0.5. -2. 5 mm. wide, 3- nerved, the lateral nerves delicate and nearer the margins than the midrib; stip- ules whitish, many-nerved, obtuse, 6-10 mm. long; peduncles about i cm. long, erect or slightly recurved; spikes capitate, 3-6-fruited; fruit obliquely obovoid, obtuse at the base, about 4 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. thick, 3-carinate on the back, the middle keel sharp and more or less undulate, flat on the sides, face slightly arched; style nearly facial, short; embryo coiled. In ponds, E. N. Y. to Mich. There are two forms of the species, the one 2-glandular at the base of the leaves, the other glandless. July-Sept. 21. Potamogeton foliosus Raf. LEAFY PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 162.) Stems flattened, much branched, 0.3-1 m. long. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, acute, 3 -nerved; stipules white, hyaline, obtuse or sometimes acute, 1-2 cm. long; peduncles more or less clavate, erect; spikes about 4-flowered; fruit lenticular or nearly orbicular, about 2 mm. in diameter, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel winged, sinuate-dentate, often with projecting shoulders or teeth at each end, the face strongly angled or arched, sharp, often with a projecting tooth at the base; style apical. In ponds and streams, N. B. to Br. Col., Fla., N. Mex. and Cal. July-Aug. Potamogeton folibsus Niagarensis (Tuckerm.) Morong. Larger. Stems 0.6-1. m. long, leaves sometimes over 7.5 cm. in length and 2 mm. wide, 3~5-nerved; stipules larger and occasionally acute; spikes 8-i2-flowered. Niagara Falls to Mich, and Cal. 22. Potamogeton obtusifdlius Mert. & Koch. BLUNT-LEAVED PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 163.) Stems usually slender, compressed, widely branching. Leaves linear, 5-8 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, obtuse, often mucronate, usually 3-nerved with a broad midrib, sometimes 5-7 nerved, 2-glandular at the base, the glands large and translucent; stipules white or scarious, many-nerved, obtuse, 1-2 cm. long, often as long as or longer than the internodes; peduncles numerous, slender, erect; spikes 6-8 mm. long, ovoid, 5 8-flowered; fruit obliquely obovoid, about 3 mm. long and 2 mm. thick, 3-keeled; style short, blunt, nearly facial. In still water, Que. to Penn., Minn., and Wyo. Also in Europe. July-Aug. 23. Potamogeton Friesii Ruprecht. FRIES' PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 164.) Stems compressed, 0.5-1.3 m. long, branching. Leaves 3-6 cm. long, about 2 mm. NAIAD A CEA E. 47 wide, acute, obtuse or cuspidate at the apex, mostly 5 -nerved, rarely 7 -nerved, 2-glandular at the base, the glands small; stipules white, hyaline, finely nerved, obtuse or acute, 1-2 cm. long; peduncles often thicker than the stem and some- times thickening upward; spikes, when developed, interrupted; fruit quite similar to that of P. pttsillusj but with a recurved style, usually with a shallow pit on the sides, and with the apex of the embryo pointing toward the basal end. In still water, N. B. to N. Y., west to Br. Col. Also in Europe. Propagating buds occa- sional. July-Aug. 24. Potamogeton rutilus Wolfg. SLENDER PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 165.) Stems very slender, 0.2-0.6 m. long, compressed, simple or nearly so. Leaves 2-3.5 cm - l n g o -5- J mm - wide, acute or acuminate, strict, nearly erect, 3-5- nerved, revolute, often 2-glandular at base and bright green, the nerves prominent beneath ; stipules acute, 1-2 cm. long, often longer than the internodes and hiding the bases of the leaves above, persistent, becoming white and fibrous with age; peduncles 1-3.5 cm> l n l spikes 6 10 mm. long, usually dense, but sometimes interrupted; fruit obliquely obovoid, about 2 mm. long and I mm. thick, obscurely keeled or the back showing only 2 small grooves; apex of the drupelet tapering into a short facial nearly straight recurved style ; embryo circle not complete, the apex pointing a little inside of the base. Anticosti and James Bay to Mich, and Minn. Also in Europe. 25. Potamogeton Vaseyi Robbins. VASEY'S PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 166.) Stems filiform, widely branching below, and with many short lateral branches above, 0.3-0.5 long, the emersed fertile forms in shallow water, and the more com- mon sterile submerged forms in water from 2-3 m. in depth. Floating leaves on the fertile stems only, coriaceous, in 1-4 opposite pairs, oval, oblong or obovate, 8-io mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, with 59 nerves deeply impressed beneath, tapering at the base into petioles 6-8 mm. long ; submerged leaves capillary, 2-4 cm. long ; stipules white, delicate, many -nerved, acute or obtuse, 4-6 mm. long; peduncles 6-12 mm. long, thickening in fruit ; spikes 4-6 mm. long, 2-6 fruited ; fruit roundish-obovoid, about 2 mm. long and nearly as thick, 3-keeled, the middle keel rounded, tipped with a straight or recurved style. E. Mass, to S. Ont. and O. The plant is furnished with propagative buds. July-Aug. 26. Potamogeton lateralis Morong. OPPOSITE -LEAVED PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 167.) Stems filiform, much branched. Floating leaves on sterile shoots only, coriaceous, elliptic, obtuse, 8-io mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, 5~7-nerved, the nerves deeply impressed beneath, usually in 13 opposite pairs which stand at right angles to the stem on petioles 6-20 mm. long; submerged leaves linear, acute, 2-8 cm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, i-3-nerved, 2-glandular at the base, but the glands small and often obsolete; stipules small, hyaline, many-nerved, obtuse, deciduous; peduncles and floating leaves lateral, widely spreading at maturity, sometimes re- curved, spikes capitate or often interrupted, 3-4-flowered ; fruit obliquely obovoid, about 2 mm. long, lenticular, the back much curved and 2-grooved, the face arched and surmounted by the nearly sessile stigma ; curve of the embryo oval, its apex nearly touching its base. In lakes and slow streams, E. Mass, to Mich. Prolifer- ous shoots at the summit of the stem and on the upper branches appear late in the season, as the plants are beginning to decay. July-Aug. 27. Potamogeton pusillus L. SMALL PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 168.) Stems filiform, branching, 0.1-0.6 m. long. Leaves all submerged, linear, obtuse and mucronate or acute at the apex. 2-glandular at the base, 2.8 cm. long, about I mm. wide, i 3 -nerved, the lateral nerves often obscure; stipules short, hyaline, obtuse; peduncles usually 6-18 mm., or rarely 7.5 cm. long; spikes 3-io-flowered; fruit obliquely ellipsoid, about 2 mm. long and I mm. thick, curved and 2-grooved on the back or sometimes with 3 distinct keels, the face slightly arched, beaked by a straight or recurved style; apex of the embryo slightly incurved and pointing ob- liquely downward. Propagative buds occur in greater or less abundance. In ponds and slow streams, N. B. to Br. Col., south to Va., Tex., and Cal. Also in Europe. July-Aug. Potamogeton pusfllus Panormitinus (Biv.) Morong. Uppermost leaves subcoriace- ous, spatulate, opposite, divaricate, 3~5-nerved, 8-10 mm. long, tapering into a v broad petiole as long as the blade. Ottawa, Ont. Also in Europe. 48 FLORA. Potamogeton pusfllus polyph^llus Morong. Stem 7-14 cm. long, divaricately branching from the base and very leafy throughout ; leaves very obtuse, 3-nerved. Plant not known- to flower, but abundantly provided with propagating buds which are thickened, hardened and closely invested with imbricated leaves. E. Mass. Potamogeton pusillus Sturrockii A. Bennett. A rare form with delicate bright green pellucid leaves, 2-8 cm. long, obtuse or often apiculate at the apex, less than 2 mm. wide, sometimes 5-nerved ; fruit much smaller than that of the type, short-beaked. E. Mass. Also in Europe. 28. Potamogeton gemmiparus (Robbins) Morong. CAPILLARY PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 169.) Stems filiform, terete, branching, 0.1-1.3 m - l n g- Leaves capil- lary, sometimes not as wide as the stem, often with no perceptible midrib, taper- ing to the finest tip, 2-8 cm. long, 2 -glandular at the base; stipules 1-2.5 cm. long, mostly deciduous; spikes interrupted, 3-6-flowered; peduncles filiform, or some- times slightly thickened, 1-5 cm. long; fruit seldom formed, similar to that of P. pusillus, except that it is flatter and somewhat impressed on the sides. In ponds, E. Mass, and R. I. It is commonly propagated by its abundant buds; the leaves and stems are often alike in thickness, so that the plant seems to consist of threads. Aug. -Sept. 29. Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. RAFINESQUE'S PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 170.) Stems flattened or sometimes terete, much branched. Floating leaves coria- ceous, the largest 2.5 cm. long by 1.2 cm. wide, oval or elliptic and obtuse, or lan- ceolate-oblong and acute; petioles filiform or dilated; submerged leaves setaceous, seldom over 0.5 mm. wide, 2-8 cm. long; stipules obtuse or truncate, 6-10 mm. long, those of the floating leaves free, those of the submerged leaves sometimes adnate; emersed peduncles 6-14 mm. long; submerged peduncles 4-6 mm. long, clavate, as long as the spikes; emersed spikes 6-io mm. long, occasionally inter- rupted; fruit cochleate, rarely over I mm. long, 3-keeled, the middle keel narrowly winged and usually with 7 or 8 knob-like teeth on the margin, the lateral keels sharp or rounded; embryo coiled l^ times. In still water, Me. to Fla., west to Neb. and Tex. June -Sept. Pomategon diversifblius multidenticul&tus Morong. Differs from the type in the numerous teeth of the fruit, as many as 12 being sometimes found on the middle keel, and each lateral keel with 6-8 more, the teeth often bristle-like and sometimes 2-pronged. Conn, to E. Penn. and Del. Potamogeton diversifblius trichoph^llus Morong. Plant about 15 cm. long, with- out floating leaves, the submerged leaves as fine as floss silk and entirely nerveless. Lake Marcia, N. J. 30. Potamogeton Spirillus Tuckerm. SPIRAL PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 171.) Stems compressed, branched, 15-50 cm. long, the branches often short and re- curved. Floating leaves oval or elliptic, obtuse, the largest about 2.5 cm. long and 1.2 cm. wide, with 5-13 nerves deeply impressed beneath, their petioles often 2.5 cm. long; submerged leaves linear, 34 mm. long, about I mm. wide, mostly 5-nerved; stipules of the upper floating leaves free; those of the submerged leaves adnate to the blade or petiole; spikes above water 6-10 mm. long, continuous, the lower mostly sessile, capitate and i-io-fruited; fruit cochleate, roundish, less than 2 mm. long, flat and deeply impressed on the sides, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel winged and sometimes 4-5 -toothed ; style deciduous ; embryo spiral, about \\ turns. In ponds and ditches, N. S. and Ont. to Minn., south to Va., Mo., and Neb. June-Aug. 31. Potamogeton filiformis Pers. FILIFORM PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 172.) Stems from a running rootstock, slender, 17 m. long, filiform above, stout and thick toward the base. Leaves numerous, 5-30 cm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, i-nerved with a few cross veins; sheaths about 2 mm. long and the free part of the stipule 12 mm. long, scarious on the edges ; flowers on long, often recurved peduncles, 2-12 in each whorl; fruit 2-3 mm. long, slightly less than 2 mm. wide, the sides even, the back not keeled, the face nearly straight or obtusely angled near the top; stigma nearly or quite sessile, remaining on the fruit as a broad truncate projection. In ponds and lakes, Anticosti to W. N. Y. and Mich. August. NATADACEAE. 49 Potamogeton fifif6rmis Macfcunii Morong. Leaves 2-7.5 cm> long, the largest i mm. or more wide, obtuse, stiff, with a strong midrib and raised or slightly revolute margins; fruit rarely more than 2 mm. long; peduncles only 1.5-2 cm. long; plant commonly with a compact bushy habit. In brackish or salt water lakes, prairie region of Can. 32. Potamogeton pectinatus L. FENNEL-LEAVED PONDWEED. (I. F. f- I 73-) Stems slender, much branched, 0.31 mm. long, the branches repeatedly forking. Leaves setaceous, attenuate to the apex, i-nerved, 2.5-15 cm. long, often capillary and nerveless; stipules half free, 1.2-2.5 cm - l n g> their sheaths scarious on the margins; peduncles filiform; the flowers in verticils; fruit obliquely obovoid, with a hard thick shell, 3-4 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm - wide, without a middle keel, but with obscure lateral ridges on the back, plump on the sides and curved or occa- sionally a little angled on the face; style straight or recurved, facial; embryo apex pointing almost directly toward the basal end. In fresh, brackish, or salt water, Cape Breton to Br. Col., south to Fla., Tex., and Cal. Also in Europe. July-Aug. 3?. Potamogeton interruptus Kitaibel. INTERRUPTED PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 174.) Stems arising from a running rootstock which often springs from a small tuber, 0.6-1.3 m - l n g> tne branches spreading like a fan. Leaves linear, 7-15 cm. long, 2-25 mm. wide, 3-5 -nerved, with many transverse veins; narrow, I- nerved leaves occur on some plants and these are acuminate, much like those of P. pectinatus; stipules partially adnate to the leaf-blade, sometimes with narrowly scarious margins, the free part shorter and scarious, obtuse; spikes interrupted; fruit broadly, obliquely obovoid, obtuse at the base, the largest 4 mm. long and nearly as broad, prominently keeled and with rounded lateral ridges on the back, the face nearly or quite straight; style facial, erect. In ponds and streams, Pr. Edw. Isl. to N. Ind., Mich., and Neb. Also in Europe. Aug. 34. Potamogeton Robbinsii Oakes. ROBBINS* PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 175.) Stems stout, widely branching, 0.6-1.3 m. long, from running rootstocks sometimes 0.3 m. long. Leaves linear, 7-13 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, acute, finely many- nerved, crowded in 2 ranks, minutely serrulate, auriculate at the point of attach- ment with the stipule; stipules adnate, the free part 1.2-2.5 cm - l n g> acute, persist- ent, white, membranous, mostly lacerate; peduncles 2-7 cm. long, the inflorescence frequently much branched and bearing from 520 peduncles; spikes interrupted, flowering under water; fruit obovoid, about 4 mm. broad and 3 mm wide, 3 -keeled on the back, the middle keel sharp, the lateral ones rounded, the face arched, the sides with a shallow depression which runs into the face below the arch; style sub- apical, thick, slightly recurved; apex of the embryo pointing a little inside the basal end. In ponds and lakes, N. B. to Or., south to Del., Penn., and Mich. The plant is freely propagated by fragments of the stems which throw out rootlets from each joint, but this is the rarest of our species to form fruit. Aug. -Sept. 2. RUPPIA L. Slender, widely branched aquatics with capillary stems, slender alternate i -nerved leaves tapering to an acuminate apex, and with membranous sheaths. Flowers on a capillary spadix-like peduncle, naked, consisting of 2 sessile anthers, each with 2 large separate sacs attached by their backs to the peduncle, having be- tween them several pistillate flowers in 2 sets on opposite sides of the rachis, the whole cluster at first enclosed in the sheathing base of the leaf. Stigmas sessile, peltate. Fruit a small obliquely-pointed drupe, several in each cluster and pedi- celled; embryo oval, the cotyledonary end inflexed, and both that and the hypo- cotyl immersed. [Name in honor of Heinrich Bernhard Rupp, a German botanist.] In the development of the plants the staminate flowers drop off and the peduncle elongates, bearing the pistillate flowers in 2 clusters at the end, but after fertiliza- tion it coils up and the fruit is drawn below the surface of the water. Three or four species, occurring in salt and brackish waters all over the world. The following are the only ones known to occur in N. Am. Sheaths 6-8 mm. long ; drupes about 2 mm. long. i. R. maritima. Sheaths 12-35 mm, long; drupes 3-4 mm. long. 2. R. occidentalism 5O FLORA. 1. Ruppia maritima L. MARITIME RUPPIA. (I. F. f. 176.) Stems usually whitish, often I m. long, the internodes irregular, naked. Leaves 2-8 cm. long, 1.5 mm. or less wide; sheaths with a short free tip; peduncles in fruit sometimes 0.3 m. long; pedicels 4-6 in a cluster, 13.5 cm - ^ on S5 drupes with a dark hard shell, ovoid, about 2 mm. long, often oblique or gibbous at the base, pointed with the long style, but varying much in shape; forms with very short peduncles and pedicels, and with broad, strongly marked sheaths occur. Common in brackish or salt water along the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of N. Am. and in the saline districts in the interior. Widely distributed in the Old World and in S. Am. July-Aug. 2. Ruppia occidentals S.Wats. WESTERN RUPPIA. (I. F. f. 177.) Stems stouter, the branching fan-like. Leaves 7-20 cm. long, with large branches and leaves often thickly clustered at the nodes, the sheaths overlapping each other; drupes larger, ovoid or pyriform, borne on pedicels about 2 mm. long, the peduncles, bright red when fresh and sometimes nearly 0.7 in. in length. In saline ponds, Neb. to Br. Col. Summer. 3. ZANNICHELLIA L. Stems, flowers and leaf-buds all at first enclosed in a hyaline envelope, corre- sponding to the stipule in Potamogeton. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same axil; the stamina te solitary, consisting of a single 2 -celled anther, borne on a short pedicel-like filament; the pistillate 2-5. Ovary flask-shaped, tapering into a short style; stigma broad, hyaline, somewhat cup-shaped, its margins angled or dentate. Fruit a flattish falcate nutlet, ribbed or sometimes toothed on the back. Embryo bent and coiled at the cotyledonary end. [In honor of J. H. Zannichelli, 1662-1729, Italian physician and botanist] Two or three species of very wide geographical distribution in fresh-water ponds and streams. I. Zannichellia palustris L. ZANNICHELLIA. (I. F. f. 178.) Stems capillary, sparsely branched, the rhizome creeping; roots fibrous. Leaves 2-7 cm. long, 0.5 mm. or less wide, acute, thin, I -nerved with a few delicate cross-veins; spathe-like envelope separate from the leaves and fruits at maturity; fruits 2-6 in a cluster, 2-4 mm. long, sometimes sessile, sometimes pedicelled, sometimes the whole cluster peduncled; style persistent, straight or curved, 1-2 mm. long; plant flowering and ripening its fruit under water. In fresh or brackish ponds, pools or ditches, nearly throughout N. Am., except the extreme north, and widely distributed in the Old World. July-Sept. 4. NAIAS L. Slender, branching aquatics, wholly submerged, with fibrous roots. Leaves oppo- site, alternate or verticillate, sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, solitary, sessile or pedicelled. Sterile flower with a double perianth, the exterior one entire or 4-horned at the apex, the interior one hyaline, adhering to the anther; stamen sessile or stalked, i-4-celled, apiculate or 2-lobed at the summit Fertile flowers of a single ovary which tapers into a short style; stigmas 2-4, subu- late. Mature carpel solitary, sessile, ellipsoid, its pericarp crustaceous. Seed con- formed to the pericarp and embryo to the seed, the raphe distinctly marked. [Greek, a water-nymph.] About 10 species, occurring in fresh water all over the world. The following are the only ones known in N. Am. : Sheaths broadly rounded, their margins entire or with a few large teeth. i. N. marina. Sheaths narrowly and obliquely rounded, each margin with 5-10 minute teeth ; leaves linear. Seeds shining, with 30-50 rows of faint reticulations. 2. N.flexilis. Seeds dull, with 16-20 rows of strongly marked reticulations. 3. .A 7 . Guadalupensis* Sheaths auriculate ; leaves delicately filiform. 4. N. gracillima. I. Naias marina L. LARGE NAIAS. (I. F. f. 179.) Dioecious; stem stout, compressed, commonly armed with teeth twice as long as their breadth. Leaves opposite or verticillate, 12.5 cm - l n g> about 2 mm. wide, with 6 10 spine-pointed teeth on each margin and frequently several along the back; sheaths with rounded lateral edges; fruit large, 4-5 mm. long, the pericarp tipped with a long persistent NAIADACEAE. 51 style and 3 thread-like stigmas; seed not shining, rugose. In lakes, Cent. N. Y. to Fla., west to Cal. Also in Europe. Summer. Naias marina gracilis Morong. Internodes 2-8 cm. long, with a few teeth on the upper part ; leaves scarcely 0.5 mm. wide, with 15-24 large teeth on the margins and a few on the back ; sheaths with 2 or 3 teeth on each margin ; seed sculptured with about 25 rows of nearly square or irregularly oblong reticulations. Cent. N. Y. and Fla. Naias marina recurv^ta Dudley. Branches and leaves recurved ; leaves 6-12 mm. long, narrow, with 2-4 large teeth on each margin and none on the back ; internodes short, naked, or with i or 2 teeth; sheaths i-toothed on each side. Cayuga Marshes, N. Y. 2. Naias flexilis (Willd.) Rost. & Schmidt. SLENDER NAIAS. (I. F. f. 180.) Stem slender, forking. Leaves linear, pellucid, acuminate or abruptly acute, 1-2.5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, numerous and crowded on the upper parts of the branches, with 25-30 minute teeth on each edge ; sheaths obliquely rounded with 5-10 teeth on each margin ; fruit ellipsoid with very thin pericarp, 2-4 mm. long, 0.5-1 mm. in diameter ; style long, persistent ; stigmas short ; seed smooth, shining, straw- colored, sculptured, though sometimes quite faintly, with 30-40 rows of nearly square or hexagonal reticulations which are scarcely seen through the dark peri- carp. In ponds and streams throughout nearly all N. Am. Also in Europe. Sum- mer. Naias flexilis robiista Morong. Stem stout, few-leaved, 1-2 m. long ; internodes elongated. Mass, to Mich, and Tex. 3. Naias Guadalupensis (Spreng.) Morong. GUADALOUPE NAIAS. (I. F. f. 181.) Stems nearly capillary, 0.3-0.7 m. long, widely branched from the base. Leaves numerous, 12-18 mm. long. 0.5-1 mm. wide, acute, opposite or in fascicles of 2-5, frequently recurved, with sheaths and teeth like those of N. flexilis but generally with 40-50 teeth on each margin of the leaf ; fruit about 2 mm. long ; pericarp dark and strongly marked by 16-20 rows of hexagonal or rectangular reticulations which are transversely oblong ; seed straw-colored, not shining. In ponds and lakes, Neb. to Or. and Tex., east to Fla. Also in tropical America. July-Sept. 4. Naias gracillima (A. Br.) Morong. THREAD-LIKE NAIAS. (I. F. f. 182.) Dioecious ; stem capillary, 15-40 cm. long, much branched, the branches alternate. Leaves numerous, opposite or often fascicled in 3's 5*5 or more, setaceous, 25 cm. long, usually with about 20 minute teeth on each margin ; sheaths auricled, with 6 or 7 teeth on each auricle, the teeth standing upon setaceous divisions of the sheath ; stigmas very short ; fruit oblong-cylindric, I mm. long, 0.5 mm. in diameter, slightly curved inwardly or straight, the pericarp straw-colored or purplish, marked by about 25 rows of irregularly oblong reticulations ; seed not shining. In pools and ponds, E. Mass, to Del. and Mo. July-Sept. 5. ZOSTERA L. Marine plants with slender rootstocks and branching compressed stems. Leaves 2 -ranked, sheathing at the base, the sheaths with inflexed margins. Spadix linear, contained in a spathe. Flowers monoscius, arranged alternately in 2 rows on the spadix. Staminate flower merely an anther attached to the spadix near its apex, I -celled, opening irregularly on the ventral side ; pollen thread-like. Pistillate flower fixed on its back near the middle ; ovary I ; style elongated ; stigmas 2, capillary ; mature carpels flask-shaped, membranous, rupturing irregularly, beaked by the persistent style ; seeds ribbed ; embryo ellipsoid. [Greek, refer- ring to the ribbon-like leaves.] About 6 species of marine distribution. Besides the following one occurs in Fla. and one on the Pacific Coast. I. Zostera marina L. EEL-GRASS. GRASS-WRACK. (I. F. f. 183.) Leaves ribbon-like, obtuse at the apex, 0.3-2 m. long, 2-8 mm. wide, with 37 principal nerves. Spadix 2.5-6 cm. long ; flowers about 6 mm. long, crowded, usually from 10-20 of each kind on the spadix ; ovary somewhat vermiform ; at anthesis the stigmas are thrust through the opening of the spathe and drop off before the anthers of the same spadix open ; the anthers at authesis work themselves out of the spathe and discharge the glutinous stringy pollen into the wutcr ; seeds cyliudric, strongly 52 FLORA. about 2O-ribbed, about 3 mm. long, and I mm. in diameter, truncate at both ends, the ribs showing very clearly on the pericarp. In bays, streams, and ditches along the Atlantic Coast from Greenland to Fla., and on the Pacific from Alaska to Cal. Also on the coasts of Europe and Asia. Summer. Family 2. SCHEUCHZERlACEAE Agardh.* Arrow-grass Family. Marsh herbs with rush-like leaves and small spicate or racemose per- fect flowers. Perianth 4-6 parted, its segments in two series, persistent or deciduous. Stamens 3-6. Filaments very short or elongated. Anthers mostly 2-celled and extrorse. Carpels 3-6, i-2-ovuled, more or less united until maturity, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds anatropous. Embryo straight. Four genera and about 10 species of wide geographic distributiorf. Leaves all basal ; flowers numerous on naked scapes, spicate or in spike-like racemes. i. Triglochin. Stem leafy; flowers few in a loose raceme. 2. Scheuchzeria. i. TRIGLOCHIN L. Marsh herbs with basal half-rounded ligulate leaves with membranous sheaths. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes on long naked scapes. Perianth-segments 36, concave, the 3 inner ones inserted higher up than the outer. Stamens 36 ; anthers 2-celled, sessile or nearly so, inserted at the base of the perianth-segments and attached by their backs. Ovaries 3-6, I -celled, sometimes abortive ; ovules solitary, basal, erect, anatropous. Style short or none. Stigmas as many as the ovaries, plumose. Fruit of 3-6 cylindraceous oblong or obovoid carpels, which are distinct or connate, coriaceous, costate, when ripe separating from the base upward from a persistent central axis, their tips straight or recurved, dehiscing by a ventral suture. Seeds erect, cylindraceous or ovoid-oblong, compressed or an- gular. [Greek, in allusion to the three-pointed fruit of some species.] About 9 species, natives of the temperate and subarctic zones of both hemispheres. Only the following are known to occur in N. Am. : Carpels 3. Fruit linear or clavate, tapering to a subulate base. i. T. palustris* Fruit nearly globose. 2. T. striata. Carpels 6 ; fruit oblong or ovoid, obtuse at the base. 3. 7". maritima. 1. Triglochin palustris L. MARSH ARROW-GRASS. (I. F. f. 184.) Root- stock short, oblique, with slender fugacious stolons. Leaves linear, shorter than the scapes, 1 2-30 cm. long, tapering to a sharp tip ; ligule very short ; scapes I or 2, slender, striate, 0.2-0.6 m. high; racemes 1230 cm. long; pedicels capillary, in fruit erect-appressed and 5-7 mm. long ; perianth-segments 6, greenish-yellow ; anthers 6, sessile ; pistil of 3 united carpels, 3-celled, 3-ovuled ; stigmas sessile ; fruit 6-7 mm. long, linear or clavate; ripe carpels separating from the axis and hanging suspended from its apex, the axis 3-winged. In bogs, N. B. to Alaska, south to N. Y., Ind. and Mont. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 2. Triglochin striata R. & P. THREE-RIBBED ARROW-GRASS. (I. F. f. 185.) Rootstocks upright or oblique. Scapes I or 2, more or less angular, usually not over 0.3 m. high; leaves slender, slightly fleshy, nearly or quite as long as the scapes, 0.5-2 mm. wide; flowers very small, light yellow or greenish, in narrow racemes; pedicels 1-2 mm. long, not elongating in fruit; perianth-segments 3, stamens 3; anthers oval, large; pistil of 3 united carpels; fruit subglobose or somewhat obovoid, about 2 mm. in diameter, appearing 3 -winged when dry by the contracting of the carpels; carpels coriaceous, rounded and 3 -ribbed on the back; * Contributed by the late Rev. THOMAS MORONG, 53 axis broadly 3-winged. In saline marshes, Md. to Fla. and La. Also in tropical America. June-Sept. 3. Triglochin maritima L. SEASIDE ARROW-GRASS. (I. F. f. 186.) Root- stock without stolons, often subhgneous, the caudex thick, mostly covered with the sheaths of old leaves. Scape stout, nearly terete, 0.1-0.7 m. high; leaves half- cylindric, usually about 2 mm. wide; raceme elongated, often 0.4 m. long or more; pedicels decurrent, 23 mm. long, slightly longer in fruit; perianth -segments 6, each subtending a large sessile anther; pistil of 6 united carpels; fruit oblong or ovoid, 5-6 mm, long, 3-4 mm. thick, obtuse at the base, with 6 recurved points at the summit; carpels 3-angled, flat or slightly grooved on the back, or the dorsal edges curving upward and winged, separating at maturity from the hexagonal axis. In salt marshes, along the Atlantic seaboard from Lab. to N. J., and in fresh or saline marshes across the continent to Alaska and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 2. SCHEUCHZERIA L. Rush-like bog perennials with creeping rootstocks, and erect leafy stems, the leaves elongated, half-rounded below and flat above, striate, furnished with a pore at the apex and a membranous ligulate sheath at the base. Flowers small, race- mose. Perianth 6-parted, regularly 2 -serial, persistent. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth-segments ; filaments elongated ; anthers linear, basifixed, extrorse. Ovaries 3 or rarely 46, distinct or connate at the base, I -celled, each cell with i or 2 collateral ovules. Stigmas sessile, papillose or slightly fimbriate. Carpels divergent, inflated, coriaceous, i-2-seeded, follicle-like, laterally dehiscent. Seeds straight or slightly curved, without endosperm. [Name in honor of Johann Jacob Scheuchzer, 1672-1733, Swiss scientist.] A monotypic genus of the north temperate zone. I. Scheuchzeria palustris L. (I. F. f. 187.) Leaves 10-40 cm. long, the upper ones reduced to bracts; stems solitary or several, usually clothed at the base with the remains of old leaves, 10-40 cm. tall ; sheaths of the basal leaves often 10 cm. long with a ligule 12 mm. long; pedicels spreading in fruit; flowers white, few, in a lax raceme ; perianth -segments membranous, I -nerved, 3 mm. long, the inner ones the narrower ; follicles 4-8 mm. long, slightly if at all united at the base ; seeds oval, brown, with a very hard coat. In bogs, Lab. to Hudson Bay and Br. Col., south to N. J., Penn., Wis. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. Family 3. ALISMACEAE DC.* Water- Plantain Family. Aquatic or marsh herbs, mostly glabrous, with fibrous roots, scapose stems and basal long-petioled sheathing leaves. Inflorescence racemose or paniculate. Flowers regular, perfect, monoecious or dioecious, pedi- celled, the pedicels verticillate and subtended by bracts. Receptacle flat or convex. Sepals 3, persistent. Petals 3, larger, deciduous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6 or more ; anthers 2-celled, extrorse or dehiscing by lateral slits. Ovaries numerous or rarely few, i -celled, usually with a single ovule in each cell. Carpels becoming achenes in fruit in our spe- cies. Seeds uncinate-curved. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. Endosperm none. Latex-tubes are found in all the species, according to Micheli. About 13 genera and 70 species, of wide distribution in fresh water swamps and streams. Carpels in a ring upon a small flat receptacle. i. Alisma. Carpels crowded in many series upon a large convex receptacle. Flowers perfect, staminate or polygamous. Pedicels not recurved ; calyx spreading. 2. Echinodorus. Pedicels recurved in fruit ; calyx appressed to the carpels. 3. Lophotocarpus. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 4. Sagtttaria, * Contributed by Mr. J. G. SMITH, 54 FLORA. i. ALISMA L. Perennial or rarely annual herbs with erect or floating leaves, the blades several- ribbed, the ribs connected by transverse veinlets, or seemingly pinnately veined. Scapes short or elongated. Inflorescence paniculate or umbellate-paniculate. Flowers small, numerous on unequal 3-bracteolate pedicels, the petals white or rose-tinted. Stamens 6 or 9, subperigynous. Ovaries few or many, borne in one or several whorls, ripening into flattened achenes which are 2-3 -ribbed on the curved back and i-2-ribbed on the sides. [Greek, said to be in reference to the occurrence of the typical species in saline situations.] About 10 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. The following are known to occur in eastern N. Am. Stamens 6, strongly compressed ; flowers panicled. i. A. Plant ago-aquatica. Stamens 9, turgid ; flowers umbelled. 2. A. tenellum. 1. Alisma Plantago-aquatica L. WATER PLANTAIN. (I. F. f. 188.) Leaves ovate, acute at the apex, cordate, rounded or narrowed at the base, the blades 3-io-ribbed; petioles 2-25 cm. long; scapes occasionally 2 from the same root, usually solitary, 0.2-1.3 m. high; inflorescence a large loose panicle ; pedicels verticillate in 3's-io's, subtended by 3 striate acuminate bracts; petals 1-2 mm. long; styles deciduous, the base remaining as a small point or short beak on the inner curve of the achene; stigma small, terminal; achenes obliquely obovate, nearly 2 mm. long, arranged in a circle, forming an obtusely triangular truncate head. In shallow water or mud throughout N. Am. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Sept. 2. Alisma tenellum Mart. DWARF WATER PLANTAIN. (I. F. f. 189.) Plant delicate, stoloniferous, 2-12 cm. high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, the blades acute at both ends, 6-30 mm. long, 2-6 mm. wide ; petioles longer or shorter than the blades, narrowly dilated at the base; scape solitary, often surpassing the leaves, commonly reclined; umbel 2-8-flowered; pedicels very unequal, often recurved in fruit ; bracts lanceolate, more or less connate at the base; flowers white; stamens 9; style much shorter than the ovary; ovaries numerous; achenes in sev- eral whorls, coriaceous, turgid, obovate, not I mm. long, enclosed by the erect per- sistent sepals, the beak short, sharp. In mud, Mass, to W. Ont. and Minn., south to Fla., Mo., and Tex. April-Aug. 2. ECHINODORUS Rich. Perennial or annual herbs with long-petioled elliptic, ovate or lanceolate, often cordate or sagittate leaves, 3~9-ribbed and mostly punctuate with dots or lines. Scapes often longer than the leaves; inflorescence racemose or paniculate, the flowers verticillate, each verticil with 3 outer bracts and numerous inner bracteoles; flowers perfect; sepals 3, distinct, persistent; petals white, deciduous; receptacle large, convex or globose; stamens 12-30; ovaries numerous; style obliquely api- cal, persistent; stigma simple; fruit achenes. more or less compressed, coriaceous, ribbed and beaked, forming spinose heads. [Greek, in allusion to the spinose heads of fruit.] About 14 species, mostly natives of America. Only the follow- ing are known in N. Am. : Scapes reclining or prostrate; style shorter than the ovary ; beak of achene short. i. E, radicans. Scapes erect; style longer than the ovary; beak of achene long. 2. E. cordifolitis. i. Echinodorus radicans (Nutt.) Engelm. CREEPING BUR-HEAD. (I. F. f. 190.) Leaves coarse, ovate, obtuse, cordate, 5-20 cm. long, 3-18 cm. wide, marked with short pellucid lines, the nerves 5-9, connected by netted cross-veins. Petioles sometimes 0.5 m. long; scapes creeping, 0.6- 1. 4m. long, slightly scabrous, often root- ing at the nodes; verticils distant; pedicels 3-12, unequal, slender or filiform; sepals persistent, much shorter than the heads; petals larger, obovate, about 6 mm. long; stamens about 20; style shorter than the ovary; achenes numerous, about 4 mm. long, 6-io-ribbed, with 2-several oval glands on each side and beaks about one- ALISMACEAE. $$ fourth their length; fruiting heads 8 mm. in diameter. In swamps, 111. to N. C. and Fla., west to Mo. and Tex. June-July. 2. Echinodorus cordifolius (L.) Griseb. UPRIGHT BUR-HEAD. (I. F. f. 191.) Leaves variable in form, often broadly ovate, obtuse, cordate at the base, 15-20 cm. long and wide, but in smaller plants sometimes nearly lanceolate, acute at each end and but 2-5 cm. long; petioles angular, striate; scapes I or more, erect, 12-40 cm. tall; flowers 3-6 in the verticils; pedicels erect after flowering; sepals shorter than the heads ; petals 4-6 mm. long; stamens often 12 ; styles longer than the ovary; fruiting heads very bur-like, 4-6 mm. in diameter ; achenes about 3 mm. long, narrowly obovate or falcate, 6-8-ribbed; beak apical, oblique, about one-half the length of the achene. In swamps and ditches, 111. to Fla., Mo. and Tex. Also- in tropical America. June-July. 3. LOPHOTOCARPUS T. Durand. Annual, bog or aquatic herbs with basal leaves, and simple erect or rarely branching scapes bearing flowers in verticils of 2-3 at the top. Sepals 3, distinct, persistent, erect after flowering and enclosing or enwrapping the fruit. Petals white, deciduous. Receptacle strongly convex. Bracts membranous, those of the lower verticils orbicular or ovate and obtuse, connate at the base, those of the stam- inate flowers lanceolate and acute, free, or connate. Stamens 9-15, hypogynous, inserted at the base of the receptacle. Filaments flattened. Pistils numerous; ovule solitary, erect, anatropous; style elongated, oblique, persistent. Achenes winged or crested. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. [Greek, signifying crested fruit. ] About 9 species, the following of E. N. Am., 2 in W. N. Am., the others of tropical America. Leaves with sagittate or hastate blades, seldom bladeless. Plants growing in fresh-water ponds and marshes. Basal lobes of the leaves widely divergent ; large plants, 2-4 dm. high : petioles spongy, thick. i. L, calycinus. Basal lobes not widely divergent ; low plants, 1-1.5 dm. high ; petioles slender. 2. L. depauperatus. Leaves mostly bladeless phyllodes. Submersed seashore and tidal-flat aquatics. Phyllodes thick, spongy, nodose, 1-3 dm. long. 3. L. spongiosus. Phyllodes flat, spatulate, not nodose, 3-7 cm. high. 4. Z. spathulatus. 1. Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Leaves floating or ascending, entire, hastate, sagittate, or triangular crescent-shaped, the basal lobes spreading, ovate, acute or acuminate, the apex acute or obtuse, the blade varying from 10-20 cm. long, sometimes 30 cm. wide at the base. Scape simple, weak and at length decumbent, shorter than the leaves ; verticils of flowers 2-5 ; fertile pedi- cels very thick, recurved in fruit, equalling or longer than the slender sterile ones ; petals 6-10 mm. long ; filaments papillose, about as long as the anthers ; achene cuneate, 2 mm. long, narrowly winged on the margins, tipped with a short hori- zontal triangular beak. In swamps, N. B. to Va. and La., Okla. and S. Dak. July-Sept. 2. Lophotocarpus depauperatus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Sagittaria caly- cina depattperata Engelm. in herb. Low, 10-15 cm. high ; petioles slender, ascending ; blades elliptic, hastate or sagittate, acute, 3-nerved, 1.8-3.3 ^ m > long, the basal lobes divergent ; scape half as long as the leaves ; fertile pedicels slender, 8-25 mm. long ; fruiting head depressed-globose, 6.5-8 mm. in diam- eter ; achenes broadly cuneate, 1.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, the slender hori- zontal beak one-third the width of the body. Margins of ponds, Wis. to the Ind. Terr. June-Sept. 3. Lophotocarpus spongiosus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Sagittaria calydna spongiosa Engelm. Submersed aquatic, with thick, spongy nodose phyllodes and scapes 10-30 cm. high ; blades 5-10 cm. long, spatulate and obtuse, or elliptic and truncate, or hastate or sagittate with narrow, falcately -divergent, acute lobes 2-10 mm. wide, often half as long as the blade ; scape simple, terete, spongy, half the length of the petioles, at length decumbent, bearing 2 or 3 verticils of 1-3 flowers each ; fertile pedicels 3-6 mm. thick, 10-35 cm. long ; fruiting head 56 FLORA. depressed-globose, 7-10 mm. in diameter ; achenes 2-2.5 mm - l n g> cuneate, with a narrow dorsal wing and a very short ascending or horizontal beak. Margins of brackish ponds and tide-water marshes, N. B. to Va. July-Aug. 4. Lophotocarpus spathulatus J. G. Smith. Low aquatic, 3-7 cm. high ; phyllodes bladeless or sometimes spatulate at the tip, ascending, with the edges vertical through a twist in the base, 3-6 mm. wide, obtuse or rounded at the apex. Scape simple, usually shorter than the phyllodes, 3-4 cm long, one- or two-flow- ered, thickened, reflexed after flowering ; bracts scarious, broadly ovate, ob- tuse ; stamens 6-9, the filaments flattened, incurved, broadest at the base, 1.5-2 mm. long, glabrous ; anthers I mm. long, oblong ; sepals oblong-orbicular, 3 mm. long, nerveless, thin, scarious on the margins, and papery in fruit ; petals ovate - orbicular, obtuse, shorter than the sepals ; achenes 1-5 mm. long, obovate, obtuse, narrowly winged on the back to about the level of the beak and sometimes with a transverse lateral ridge near the tip; beak slender, oblique or horizontal. Sandy beaches above salt-water but within the influence of tides. Newburyport, Mass. Type collected by A. A. Eaton, 1898. 4. SAGITTARIA L. Perennials, mostly with tuber-bearing or nodose rootstocks, basal long-petioled nerved leaves, the nerves connected by numerous veinlets, and erect, decumbent or floating scapes, or the leaves reduced to bladeless phyllodes. Flowers monoecious or direcious, borne near the summits of the scapes in verticils of 3's, pedicelled. the staminate usually uppermost. Verticils 3-bracted. Sepals persistent, those of the pistillate flowers reflexed or spreading in our species. Petals 3, white, decid- uous. Stamens inserted on the convex receptacle ; staminate flowers sometimes with imperfect ovaries. Pistillate flowers with numerous distinct ovaries, sometimes with imperfect stamens ; ovule solitary ; stigmas small, persistent. Achenes num- erous, densely aggregated in globose or subglobose heads, compressed. Seed erect, curved. [Latin, referring to the arrow-shaped leaves of some species. ] About 30 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in the southern and western parts of N. Am. Fertile pedicels slender, ascending, not reflexed in fruit. Leaf-blades sagittate; filaments glabrous. Basal lobes one-fourth to one-half the length of the blade. Beak of the achene more than one-fourth its length. Beak of the achene erect. Fruiting pedicels shorter than the bracts ; leaves broad. 1. S. longirostra. Fruiting pedicels longer than the bracts; leaves narrow. 2. S. Engelmanniana. Beak of the achene horizontal or oblique. 3. S. latifolia. Beak of the achene less than one-fourth its length. Petioles rather short, curving ; bracts long ; bog species. 4. .5". an'folia. Petioles elongated; bracts short; aquatic species. 5. S. cuneata. Basal lobes two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the blade. 6. S. longiloba. Leaf-blades entire, or rarely hastate or cordate. Filaments slender, tapering upward; leaves seemingly pinnately veined. Filaments glabrous; bracts connate. 7. S. ambigua. Filaments cobwebby -pubescent; bracts mostly distinct. 8. S. lancifolia. Filaments abruptly dilated, pubescent; veins distinct to the base of the blade. Fruiting heads sessile or very nearly so. 9. S. rigida. Both staminate and pistillate flowers pedicelled. Leaves reduced to terete nodose phyllodes, rarely blade-bearing. 10. S. feres. Leaves reduced to flat nodeless phyllodes, rarely blade-bearing ; petals with a rose-colored spot at base. n. S. Eatoni. Leaves rigid ; blades elliptic-linear. 12. S. cristata. Leaves not rigid ; blades lanceolate or linear-oblong, phyllodes flat, nodose; petals white, 13. A LISMA CEA E. 57 Fertile pedicels stout, reflexed in fruit; filaments dilated. Filaments pubescent; leaf-blades ovate or ovate-elliptic. 14. S. platyphylla. Filaments glabrous ; leaf-blades linear-lanceolate or reduced to phyllodes. 15. S. subulata. 1. Sagittaria longirostra (Micheli) J. G. Smith. LONG-BEAKED ARROW- HEAD. (I. F. f. 193.) Monoecious, glabrous, scapes erect, rather stout, 0.4-1 m. tall. Leaves broad, sagittate, 10-30 cm. long, abruptly acute at the apex, the basal lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, one-third to one-half the length of the blade; scape usually longer than the leaves, 6-angled below; bracts triangular- lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5-3 cm - l n g: longer than the fertile pedicels ; petals 16-28 mm. long; styles curved, twice as long as theovaries; achene obovate, about 4 mm. long, winged on both margins, the ventral margin entire or undulate, the dorsal eroded, its sides with a short crest, its beak stout, erect, or somewhat recurved. In swamps and along ponds, N. J. and Penn. to Ala. July-Sept. 2. Sagittaria Engelmanniana J. G. Smith. ENGELMANN'S ARROW-HEAD. (I. F. f. 194.) Monoecious, glabrous; scape erect or ascending, slender, 20-50 cm. high. Leaves narrow, 4-20 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, the basal lobes narrowly linear, acuminate, one-third to one-half the length of the blade; scape striate, about as long as the leaves; bracts lanceolate, acute, shorter than the slender fertile pedicels, 812 mm. long; flowers 1.5 2.5 cm. broad; style about twice as long as the ovaries; achene obovate, 4 mm. long, winged on both margins, and with 1-3 lateral wing- like crests on each face, the beak short, stout, erect, about I mm. long. In shallow water, N. H. and Mass, to Del., near the coast. Aug. -Sept. 3. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. BROAD-LEAVED ARROW-HEAD. (I. F. f. 195.) Monoecious or sometimes dioecious, glabrous or nearly so ; scape stout or slender, o. 1-1.2 m. tail, simple or branched. Leaves exceedingly variable in form and size, sometimes linear-lanceolate and acuminate at the apex, sometimes wider than long and obtuse; basal lobes from to ^ as long as the blade; bracts acute, acuminate or obtuse, the upper ones sometimes united; flowers 2.5-4 cm. wide; achene 2-4 mm. long, broadly winged on both margins, its sides even or I -ribbed, the beak about one-third its length, horizontal or nearly so. In shallow water, throughout N. Am., except the extreme north, extending to Mex. Variable. July-Sept. Sagittaria latifolia pubescens Muhl. Whole plant pubescent, varying from merely puberulent to densely hirsute. Ont. to N. J., Fla. and Ala. 4. Sagittaria arifblia Nutt. ARUM-LEAVED ARROW-HEAD. (I. F. f. 196.) Glabrous or nearly so, terrestrial or partially submerged; scape weak, ascending, 0.2-0.5 m. long. Leaves sagittate, broad, acute at the apex, about as long as the scape, their margins slightly curved, their basal lobes acute or acuminate, one- fourth to one-third the length of the blade; petioles usually curving outwardly; bracts lanceolate, acute, usually equalling or longer than the fertile pedicels, often reflexed; petals 6-IO mm. long; achene cuneate -obovate, about 2 mm. long, winged on both margins, the sides smooth, the beak short, erect. Quebec to Minn, and Br. Col., south to Me., Mich., Kans., N. Mex., and Cal. 5. Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon. FLOATING ARROW-HEAD. (I. F. f. 197.) Aquatic, submerged, rooting in sand; scape very slender, simple, terete, 0.3-0.6 m. long, bearing the flowers at the surface of the water. Leaves long-petioled, the blade floating, sagittate, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, the basal lobes acuminate, about one-fourth its length; phyllodes of two kinds, one petiole- like and as long as the leaves, the other lanceolate, and clustered at the base of the plant; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute. 4-6 mm. long, much shorter than the slender fertile pedicels; flowers 1.2 1.6 cm. broad; achene only I mm. long, obovate-cune- ate, its beak very short, erect. In shallow water, Minn, to Wash, and Br. Col. Aug. -Sept. 6. Sagittaria longiloba Engelm. LONG-LOBED ARROW-HEAD. (I. F. f. 198.) Monoecious; glabrous; scape slender, simple or rarely branched, 0.3-0.6 m. tall, leaves long-petioled, the apex acute, the basal lobes linear-lanceolate, acuminate, alwut three-fourths the length of the blade; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 6-8 mm. long, much shorter than the very slender fertile pedicels which are longer than the 58 FLORA. sterile ones; stamens numerous, the filaments longer than the anthers; achene about 2 mm. long, quadrate-obovate, somewhat broader above than below, winged on both margins, its beak exceedingly short. In shallow water, Neb. to Colo., south to Tex. and Mex. 7. Sagittaria ambigua J. G. Smith. KANSAS SAGITTARIA. (I. F. f. 199.) Monoecious; glabrous; scape erector ascending, 0.3-0.6 m. high. Leaves lanceolate, entire, long-petioled, acute or acuminate at both ends, seemingly pinnately veined, really 5-y-nerved, 12-20 cm. long, equalling or shorter than the scape ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, I-I.6 cm. long, much shorter than the slender fruiting pedi- cels, connate at the base, papillose; stamens 20-25; filaments glabrous, longer than the anthers; achene about 2 mm. long, oblong, curved, narrowly winged on both margins, its sides smooth and even, its beak short, oblique. In ponds, Kan. and the Ind. Terr. 8. Sagittaria lancifolia L. LANCED-LEAVED SAGITTARIA. (I. F. f. 200.) Monoecious, glabrous ; scape rigid, erect, stout or rather slender, striate, branched or simple, longer than the leaves. Leaves lanceolate or oblong -lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, firm,entire, the blades 5~9-nerved, 0.2-0.4 m. l n g> gradually narrowed into the long petioles, apparently pinnately veined; flowers numerous, 1-2.5 cm - broad; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, usually not united at the base, gla- brous or nearly so, equalling or shorter than the fruiting pedicels; stamens numer- ous; filaments cobwebby-pubescent, equalling or longer than the anthers; achene narrowly obovate-cuneate, 23 mm. long, winged on both margins, its sides smooth, its beak tapering, oblique. In swamps and shallow water, Del. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast. Widely distributed in tropical America. 9. Sagittaria rigida Pursh. SESSILE-FRUITED ARROW-HEAD. (I. F. f. 201.) Monoecious, glabrous; scape simple, weak, curving, ascending or decumbent, shorter than the leaves. Leaves very variable, linear, lanceolate, elliptic or broadly ovate, acute or obtuse at the apex, entire or with I or 2 short or slender basal lobes ; bracts ovate, obtuse, 4-8 mm. long, united at the base or sometimes distinct; heads of fruit sessile or very nearly so; pedicels of the sterile flowers 1-2.5 cm - l n g; filaments dilated, mostly longer than the anthers, pubescent; achene narrowly obovate, 3-4 mm. long, winged on both margins, crested above, tipped with a stout nearly erect, beak of about one-fourth its length. In swamps and shallow water, Quebec to Minn. , N. J., Tenn., Mo. and Neb. July-Sept. 10. Sagittaria t&res S. Wats. SLENDER SAGITTARIA. (I. F. f. 202.) Monoecious; glabrous; scape slender, erect, simple, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, bearing only 1-3 verticils of flowers. Leaves usually reduced to elongated terete nodose phyllodes or some of them short and bract-like, one or two of the longer ones occa- sionally bearing a linear blade; bracts ovate, obtuse, about 3 mm. long, much shorter than the filiform fruiting pedicels, which are longer than the sterile ones; flowers 12-16 t mm. broad; stamens about 12, their dilated filaments pubescent, shorter than the anthers; achene broadly obovate, 2 mm. long, the ventral margin winged, the dorsal 7-11 -crested, the sides bearing several crenate crests, the beak short, erect. In ponds, Mass, to S. Car. Aug. -Sept. 11. Sagittaria Eatoni J. G. Smith. EATON'S SAGITTARIA. Monoecious, o. I 0.2 m. high, glabrous; scape simple, slender, ascending, weak, bearing I, 2, or rarely 3 verticils of flowers. Leaves mostly bladeless phyllodes, rarely with linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate blades 1.8-3 cm - l n g> 2 ~4 mm - wide; the phyllodes flat, nodeless ; lowest verticil with two fertile flowers, and one stam- inate; fertile pedicels 48 mm. long, shorter than the sterile ones, very slender; sepals ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 4 mm. long; petals white, with a rose-colored spot at the base, obovate-cuneiform, emarginate; stamens 12; mature achenes not known ; pistils very minute, 80-100. Ripple-swept, sandy shores, between high and low tide, above the influence of salt water, Newburyport, Mass. 12. Sagittaria cristata Engelm. CRESTED SAGITTARIA. (I. F. f. 203.) Monoecious; scape slender, erect, 0.3-0.8 m. high, simple, bearing 4 or 5 verticils of flowers at or above the surface of the water. Leaves long-petioled, spongy and rigid, reduced to slender phyllodes or bearing linear-lanceolate or elliptic blades 5-10 cm. long, and 6-25 mm. wide; bracts acute, 4-8 mm. long, much shorter than the slender fertile pedicels; flowers 1.6-2 cm. broad; stamens about 24; filaments dilated, pubescent, at least at the middle, longer than the anthers; achene obliquely I 'A LLISNERIA CEA E. 59 obovate, the dorsal margin with a broad crenate wing, the ventral straight-winged, each side bearing 2 crenate crests, the beak short, oblique. In shallow water, la. and Minn. Phyllodes are commonly developed from the nodes of the rootstock. July- Aug. 13. Sagittaria graminea Michx. GRASS-LEAVED SAGITTARIA. (I. F. f. 204.) Monoecious or dioecious; glabrous; scape simple, erect, 0.1-0.6 m. tall. Leaves long-petioled, the blades linear, lanceolate or elliptic, acute at both ends, 5-15 cm. long, 1-6 cm. wide, 3-5 -nerved, with nerves distinct to the base, or some of them occasionally reduced to flattened phyllodes; bracts ovate, acute, 3-6 mm. long, much shorter than the slender or filiform fruiting pedicels, connate to the middle or beyond; flowers 8-12 mm. broad; stamens about 18; filaments dilated, pubescent, longer than or equalling the anthers; achene obovate, 1-2 mm. long, slightly wing-crested on the margins and ribbed on the sides, the beak very short. In mud or shallow water, Newf. to Ont. and S. Dak., south to Fla. and Tex. Early leaves often purplish. July-Sept. 14. Sagittaria platyph^lla (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. OVATE-LEAVED SAGIT- TARIA. (I. F. f. 205.) Monoecious; glabrous; scape erect, simple, rather weak, mostly shorter than the leaves. Leaves rigid, the blades ovate, ovate -lanceolate or ovate-elliptic, short-acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded, gradually narrowed or rarely cordate or hastate at the base, seemingly pinnately-veined, 5-15 cm. long; bracts broadly ovate, acute, connate at the base, 4-8 mm. long; flowers 1.6-3 cm. broad; fertile pedicels stout, divergent in flower, reflexed in fruit, 1-6 cm. long; filaments dilated, pubescent, rather longer than the anthers; achene obliquely obovate, winged on both margins, the dorsal margins somewhat crested, the sides with a sharp wing-like ridge. In swamps and shallow water, S. Mo. to Miss, and Tex. Phyllodes, when present, oblong or oblanceolate. July-Sept. 15. Sagittaria subulata (L.) Buchenau. SUBULATE SAGITTARIA. (I. F. f. 206.) Monoecious or rarely dioecious; scape very slender, 5-15 cm. high, few- flowered, about equalling the leaves. Leaves all reduced to rigid phyllodes or sometimes bearing linear or linear-lanceolate blades 2-4 cm. long; bracts united to the apex or becoming partly separated; flowers 1-1.6 cm. broad; fertile pedicels reflexed and much longer than the bracts in fruit; stamens about 8; filaments about equalling the anthers, dilated, glabrous; achenes rather less than 2 mm. long, obovate, narrowly winged, with two or three crests on each side, the wings and crests sometimes crenate; beak short. In tide-water mud, S. N. Y. and Penn. to Fla. and Ala. July-Sept. Sagittaria subulata gracfllima (S. Wats.) J. G. Smith. Submerged; leaves 0.6-1.3 dm. long, bladeless or bearing small 3-nerved lanceolate blades 2-5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide ; scape simple, terete or compressed, about as long as the leaves; flowers few, 1.6-2 cm. broad. E. Mass, and R. I. Perhaps a distinct species. Fruit not seen. Family 6. VALLISNERIACEAE Dumort. Tape-Grass Family. Submerged or floating aquatic herbs, the leaves various. Flowers regular, mostly dioecious, appearing from an involucre or spathe of 1-3 bracts or leaves. Perianth 3-6-parted, the segments either all petaloid or the 3 outer ones small and herbaceous, the tube adherent to the ovary at its base in the pistillate flowers. Stamens 3-12, distinct or monadel- phous. Anthers 2-cell.ed. Ovary i-celled with 3 parietal placentae or 6-9-celled. Styles 3-9, with entire or 2-cleft stigmas. Ovules anatro- pous or orthotropous. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscent. Seeds numerous, without endosperm. About 14 genera and 40 species of wide distribution in warm and temperate regions. Besides the following, another genus, Halophila, occurs on the coast of Fla. Stem branched ; leaves whorled or opposite. i. Philotria. Acaulescent ; stoloniferous ; leaves grass-like, elongated. 2. Vallisneria. Stem stoloniferous ; leaves broad, rounded, cordate, petioled. 3. Limnobium, 60 FLORA. T. PHILOTRIA Raf. Stems submerged, elongated, branching, leafy. Leaves opposite or whorled, crowded, I -nerved, pellucid, minutely serrulate or entire. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, arising from an ovoid or tubular 2-cleft spathe. Perianth 6-parted, at least the 3 inner segments petaloid. Staminate flowers with 9 stamens, the anthers oblong, erect. Ovary I -celled with 3 parietal placentae. Stigmas 3. nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded. [Name from the Greek, referring to the leaves, which are often whorled in threes.] About 10 species, inhabitants of fresh-water ponds and streams in temperate and tropical America. I. Philotria Canadensis (Michx.) Britton. WATER-WEED. DITCH-MOSS. WATER THYME. Stems o. i-i m. long. Leaves linear or elliptic, acute or obtuse, serrulate or entire, verticillate in 3*5 or 4's or the lower opposite, 4-15 mm. long, 1-4 mm. wide; flowers axillary, white, the staminate minute, sessile, break- ing off at the time of flowering and rising to the surface where they shed their pollen around the pistillate ones; pistillate flowers expanding on the surface, which they reach by means of the slender calyx-tube, which varies in length from 5-25 cm., their spathes 10-15 mm. long; stigmas spreading, papillose or pubescent. Nearly throughout N. Am., except the extreme north. Naturalized in Europe. It has been maintained that there are four N. Am. species. May-Aug. The plant of the northern lakes and rivers, with ovate or oval leaves, is appar- ently the type of the species. The plant of the Atlantic States with lanceolate or linear-lanceolate leaves is the Serpiciila verticillata angustifolia Muhl. (I. F. f. 207); that of the Central States from Minn, to Ky. and Mo., with leaves similar to this, but pellucid, and the stems shorter, is Udora Canadensis minor Engelm. These three appear to be distinct, but for lack of flowers and fruit in the material at my command, I am at present unable to characterize them further. 2. VALLISNKRIA L. Aquatic dioecious submerged perennials, with long grass-like floating leaves. Staminate flowers with a 2-3 -parted spathe on a short scape, numerous, nearly sessile on a conic receptacle; perianth 3-parted; stamens generally 2 (1-3). Pis- tillate flowers on a very long flexuous or spiral scape, with a tubular, 2-cleft, i -flowered spathe; perianth-tube adnate to the ovary, 3-lobed and with 3 small petals; ovary I -celled with 3 parietal placentse; stigmas 3, nearly sessile, short, broad, 2-toothed with a minute process just below each sinus; ovules numerous, borne all over the ovary -wall, orthotropous. Fruit elongated, cylindric. crowned with the perianth. [Named for Antonio Vallisneri, 1661-1730, Italian naturalist.] A monotypic genus of wide distribution both in the Old World and the New. i. Vallisneria spiralis L. TAPE-GRASS. EEL-GRASS. (I. F. f. 208.) Plant rooting in the mud or sand, stoloniferous. Leaves thin, narrowly linear, 5-nerved, obtuse, sometimes serrate near the apex, 0.2-2 m. long, 4-18 mm. wide, the 2 marginal nerves faint; the staminate bud separates from the scape at the time of flowering and expands upon the surface of the water; pistillate flowers upon a long thread-like scape, the spathe 12-25 mm - l n g> enclosing a single white flower; ovary as long as the spathe; after receiving the pollen from the staminate flowers the scape of the pistillate contracts spirally; ripe fruit 5-17 cm. long. In quiet waters, N. B. to Fla., Minn., Iowa and Tex. The "wild celery" of Chesa- peake Bay, and a favorite food of the canvas-back duck. Aug. -Sept. 3 . LIMNOBIUM L. C. Richard. Aquatic, stoloniferous herbs, the leaves fascicled at the nodes, petioled, broad, often cordate. Flowers monoecious, white, from sessile or stipitate, 2-leaved, membranous spathes. Perianth 6-parted, the segments petaloid, the 3 outer oblong-oval, the 3 inner oblong-linear. Staminate flowers 2-4 in a spathe, long- peduncled, the stamens united in a column bearing 6-12 anthers at different heights, sometimes producing only 9-12 staminodia, the filaments tipped with abortive anthers. Pistillate flowers sessile or short-peduncled with 3-6 vestigial stamens; ovary 6-9-celled with as many central placentae; stigmas as many as the GRAMINEAE. 6 1 cells, each 2-parted. Fruit a many-seeded berry. [Greek, referring to the aquatic habitat.] Three or four species, natives of America. i. Limnobium Spongia (Bosc.) L. C. Richard. FROG'S-BIT. (I. F. f. 209.) Blades of the leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, cordate or reniform, faintly 5-7- nerved and cross-veined, purplish and spongy beneath, 2-5 cm. broad, on petioles 225 cm. in length. Stolons rooting and sending up flowers and leaves at the nodes; peduncles of the staminate flowers, 7-10 cm. long, those of the pistillate flowers stouter, 2.5-5 cm. long, nodding in fruit. In shallow, stagnant water, Lake Ont. to Fla., 111., Mo. and La. July-Aug. Order 3. GRAMINALES. Grasses and sedges. Monocotyledonous plants, mostly herbaceous, with leafy or leafless, usually simple, stems (culms), the leaves usually nar- row and elongated, entire or minutely serrulate. Flowers mostly perfect, small, incomplete, in the axils of dry, chaffy scales (glumes) arranged in spikes or spikelets. Fruit a caryopsis (grain); culm mostly hollow. Fam. i. Gramineae. Fruit an achene ; culm solid. Fam. 2. Cyperaceae. Family i. GRAMINEAE Juss.* Grass Family. Annual or perennial herbs, of various habit, rarely shrubs or trees Culms (stems) generally hollow, but occasionally solid, the nodes closed Leaves sheathing, the sheaths usually split to the base on the side oppo- site the blade ; a scarious or cartilaginous ring, naked or hairy, rarely wanting, called the ligule, is borne at the orifice of the sheath. Inflo- rescence spicate, racemose or paniculate, consisting of spikelets composed of two to many 2-ranked imbricated bracts, called scales (glumes), the two lowest in the complete spikelet always empty, one or both of these sometimes wanting. One or more of the upper scales, except sometimes the terminal ones, contains in the axil a flower, which is usually enclosed by a bract-like awnless organ called the palet, placed opposite the scale and with its back toward the axis (rachilla) of the spikelet, generally 2- keeled ; sometimes the palet is present without the flower, and vice versa. Flowers perfect or staminate, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, sub- tended by 1-3 minute hyaline scales called the lodicules. Stamens 1-6, usually 3. Anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary i-celled, i-ovuled. Styles 1-3, commonly 2 and lateral. Stigmas hairy or plumose. Fruit a seed-like grain (caryopsis). Endosperm starchy. About 3500 species widely distributed throughout the world, growing in water and on all kinds of soil. Those yielding food-grains are called cereals. The species are more numerous in tropical countries, while the number of individuals is much greater in temperate regions, often forming extended areas of turf. The time of year noted is that of ripening seed. KEY TO THE TRIBES AND GENERA. A. Spikelets i or 2-flowered, when 2-flowered the upper fertile, lower staminate; rachilla articulated below the scales or the subtending involucre, and not extending beyond the flowers. Spikelets not flattened laterally. Flowering scale and palet hyaline ; none of the scales spiny. Spikelets monoecious ; staminate and pistillate in the same panicle. I. Maydeae. Spikelets in pairs, perfect, or the pedicellate one staminate, empty, rudimentary or wanting. II. Andropogoneae* * Contributed by Mr. GEO. V. NASH. 62 FLORA. Flowering scale and palet membranous ; second scale spiny (in ours). III. Zoysieae. Flowering scale and palet of the perfect flower coriaceous or chartaceous ; spikelets involucrate in Nos. 18 and 19 ; scales 3 or 4. IV. Paniceae. Spikelets flattened laterally, i-flowered ; scales 2. V. Oryzeae. B. Spikelets i-many-flowered ; rachilla generally articulated above the two lower scales (below them in Nos. 38, 46, 54 and 61) and frequently extending beyond the flower in i-flowered spikelets. Culms herbaceous. Spikelets upon pedicels in panicles, spike-like panicles or racemes, not in rows. Spikelets with but i perfect flower, which is terminal except in Nos. 42 and 43. Fifth scale enclosing a perfect flower ; palet i-nerved. VI. Phalarideae. Third scale enclosing a perfect flower ; palet 2-nerved. VII. Agrostideae. Spikelets with 2 or more perfect flowers (or one staminate in Nos. 46 and 51). Flowering scales generally shorter than the empty lower ones, usually with a bent awn on the back. VIII. Aveneae. Flowering scales generally longer than the empty lower ones, unawned or with a straight awn from the apex. X. Festuceae. Spikelets in two rows, forming a one-sided spike or raceme. IX. Chlorideae. Spikelets in two opposite rows, forming an equilateral spike (unilateral in Nardus). XI. Hordeae. Culms woody, at least at the base ; tall reeds. XII. Bambuseae* Tribe I. MAYDEAE. Fertile spikelets imbedded in the joints of the thick rachis. I. Tripsacwn. Tribe II. ANDROPOGONEAE. Joints of the rachis not much thickened nor excavated for the reception of the spikelets. Spikelets alike, perfect. 2. Erianthus. Spikelets not alike, the sessile perfect, the pedicelled staminate, empty or wanting. Inflorescence composed of spike-like silky racemes. Racemes usually in pairs, rarely in 3's-s's and digitate, the rachis internodes and pedicels opaque ; fourth scale of the spikelet with a blade. 4. Andropogon. Racemes panicled, the rachis internodes and pedicels thickened on the mar- gins and with the intervening portion thin and translucent ; fourth scale of the spikelet pedicel-like, without a blade. 5. Amphilophis. Inflorescence paniculate. Pedicelled spikelet wanting (in our species). 6. Sorghastrum. Pedicelled spikelet present and usually staminate. 7. Sorghum, Joints of the rachis greatly thickened and excavated for the reception of the spikelets. 3. Manisuris. Tribe III. ZOYSIEAE. Spikelets in a terminal spike ; second scale spiny. 8. Nazia. Tribe IV. PANICEAE. Spikelets without a subtending involucre of bristles or valves. Spikelets all alike. Second scale of the spikelet not enlarged nor saccate at the base. Spikelets arranged in one-sided racemes. Spikelets with a swollen ring-like callus at the base. 12. Eriochloa. Spikelets without a callus. Racemes alternate or scattered, rarely in a terminal pair, or some- times single and slender, in the latter case the spikelets broadly oval and obtuse. Spikelet of 3 scales. GRAMINEAE. 63 Opening in the flowering: scale turned away from the rachis of the raceme ; spikelets usually oval or orbicular and obtuse, rarely narrower and acute. 9. Paspalum. Opening in the flowering scale turned toward the rachis of the raceme ; spikelets lanceolate to ovate, acute. 10. Anastrophus. Spikelets of 4 scales. Spikelets awnless, the scales glabrous. 14. Brachiaria. Spikelets with the second and third scales hispid on the nerves and usually long-awned, or in one species the third scale only awn-pointed. 15. Echinochloa. Racemes long and slender, digitate or whorled, sometimes single or in pairs ; spikelets lanceolate and acute. 13. Syntherisma. Spikelets arranged in a true panicle, either open or contracted. 16. Pamcum. Second scale of the spikelet much enlarged, many-nerved, deeply saccate at the base. 17. Sacciolepis. Spikelets of two kinds, one borne on terminal panicles, the other solitary on sub- terranean peduncles and maturing seed. n. Amphicarpon. Spikelets subtended by an involucre consisting of : i-many persistent bristles ; spikelets in dense spikes or spike-like panicles, deciduous. 1 8. Chaetochloa. 2 spine-bearing valves forming a bur enclosing the spikelets and deciduous with them. 19. Cenchrus. Tribe V. ORYZEAE. Spikelets monoecious ; tall aquatic grasses. Pistillate spikelets ovate, borne at the apex of each branch of the panicle. 20. Zizam'opsts. Pistillate spikelets linear, borne on the upper branches of the panicle, 21. Zizania. Spikelets not monoecious ; grasses of swamps or wet grounds. 22. Homalocenchrus. Tribe VI. PHALARIDEAE. Third and fourth scales small and empty or rudimentary, not awned ; stamens 3. 23. Phalaris. empty, awned upon the back ; stamens 2. 24. Anthoxanthum. subtending staminate flowers with 3 stamens ; fertile flowers with 2 stamens. 25. Savastana. Tribe VII. AGROSTIDEAE. Flowering scale indurated at maturity, of firmer texture than the empty scales, and closely enveloping the grain. Rachilla not prolonged beyond the palet. Flowering scale with a three-branched awn ; stamens mostly 3. 26. Aristida. Flowering scale with a simple awn. Flowering scale narrow ; awn persistent. Awn tortuous or twisted, stout ; callus evident. 27. Stipa. Awn straight, very slender ; callus minute. 31. Muhlenbergta. Flowering scale broad ; awn slender, straight, deciduous : callus obtuse. Flowering scale glabrous, or pubescent with short hairs, 28. Oryzopsis. Flowering scale pubescent with copious long silky hairs extending much beyond the scale. 29. Erwcoma. Flowering scale awnless. 30. Milium. Rachilla with a pedicel-like extension beyond the palet ; stamens 2. 32. Brachyelytrum, Flowering scale hyaline or membranous at maturity ; empty scales coarser ; grain loose. Spikelets in a dense spike-iike panicle. (Some species of No. 37 may be looked for here.) 64 FLORA. Spikelets 6 mm. or less long. Spikelets readily deciduous at maturity. Empty scales not awned. 35. Alopecurus. Empty scales awned. 38. Polypogon. Spikelets not deciduous ; empty scales persistent. Flowering scales slightly exceeding the empty ones. 33. Heleochloa. Flowering scales much shorter than the empty ones. 34. Phtenin. Spikelets 10-12 mm. long; tall seashore grasses. 43. Ammcphila. Spikelets variously panicled ; panicle not spike-like, except in a few species of No. 37. Seed loosely enclosed in the pericarp, which opens readily at maturity. Empty scales minute ; low arctic grass. 36. Pltippsia. Empty scales not minute ; no callus, awns or hairs. 37. Sporobolus. Seed adherent to the pericarp. Palet i -nerved ; stamen i ; flower plainly stalked : scales not hairy. 40. Cinna. Palet 2-nerved ; stamens 3; flower not plainly stalked. Flowering scale bifid, with a delicate awn on its back ; rachilla prolonged into a short bristle. 45. Apera. Flowering scale entire ; rachilla not prolonged into a bristle. Callus with a tuft of long hairs at the base (except in some species of genus 42.) Rachilla extended beyond the palet. 42. Calamagrostis. Rachilla not extended beyond the palet. 44. Calamovilfa. Callus naked or with very short hairs. Empty scales somewhat shorter than the flowering ones ; arctic grass. 39. Arctagrostts. Empty scales longer than the flowering ones ; panicle open ; spikelets small. 41. Agrostis. Tribe VIII. AVENEAE. Spikelets deciduous ; lower flower perfect, upper staminate, awned : plant velvety. 46. Holcus. Spikelets not deciduous ; empty scales persistent, flowering ones deciduous. Spikelets of 2 perfect flowers ; rachilla not prolonged beyond the upper one. 47. Aira. Spikelets 2-many-flowered ; rachilla prolonged beyond the upper flower. Awn of flowering scale upon the back, inserted below the teeth. Flowers all perfect, or the upper ones staminate or wanting. Spikelets less than 12 mm. long ; grain free, unfurrowed. Flowering scale finely erose-dentate or 2-lobed. 48. Deschampsia. Flowering scale cleft or 2-toothed, with the teeth sometimes pro- duced into awns. 49. Trisetum. Spikelets over 12 mm. long; grain furrowed, usually adherent to the scales. 50. Avena. Upper flower perfect, lower staminate, its scale strongly awned. 51. Arrhenatherum. Awn from between the lobes or teeth of the flowering scale, generally twisted. 52. Danthonia. Tribe IX. CHLORIDEAE. Flowers perfect or some of them rudimentary. i perfect flower in each spikelet ; sometimes 2 in Nos. 59 and 61. No empty scales above the flower. Spikelets deciduous. Rachis produced beyond the upper spikelet ; spikelets narrow. 54. Spartina. Rachis not so produced ; spikelets globose, sometimes 2-flowered. 61. Beckmannia. Spikelets not deciduous ; empty scales persistent ; low slender grasses. Spikes 2-6, slender, digitate, 2.5-5 cm. long. 53. Capriola. Spikes many along a common axis, 5-10 cm. long. 58. Sckedonnardus* GRAMINEAE. 65 One-several empty scales above the flower. Lower empty scales 4 ; spike solitary, dense. 55. Campulosus. Lower empty scales 2. Spikes in false whorls or closely approximate ; scales long-awned. 56. Chloris. Spikes remote, or the lowest only approximate. Spikelets scattered or remote on filiform spikes. 57. Gymnofogon. Spikelets crowded, sometimes 2-flowered. Spikes 4 or less ; spikelets numerous, 25 or more. 59. Bouteloiia. Spikes numerous, 12 or more ; spikelets few, 12 or less. 60. Atheropogon. 2-3 perfect flowers in each spikelet. Spikelets densely crowded : spikes usually digitate. Spikes with terminal spikelets. 62. Elensine. Spikes without terminal spikelets, the rachis extending beyond them into a point. 63. Dactyloctenium. Spikelets distinctly alternating : spikes remote. 64. Leptochloa. Spikelets dioecious, very unlike ; spikes short ; low prairie grass. 65. Bulbilis. Tribe X. FESTUCEAE. Rachilla with long hairs enveloping the flowering scale ; tall aquatic grass. 67. Phragmites. Rachilla and flowering scales naked or hairy, hairs much shorter than the scales. Stigmas barbellate ; spikelets in clusters of 3-6 in the axils of stiff spinescent leaves. 66. Munroa. Stigmas plumose ; spikelets not in the axils of leaves ; inflorescence various. Spikelets of two forms, the fertile i-3-flowered, surrounded by the sterile, con- sisting of many empty pectinate scales. 86. Cynosurus. Spikelets all alike. Flowering scale i-3-nerved, or rarely with faint additional intermediate nerves. Flowering scales membranous ; seed not beaked nor exserted from the scales. Lateral nerves of flowering scale pilose. Internodes of the rachilla long, the deeply 2-lobed flowering scale attached by a long-pointed callus, which is copiously pilose on the outer surface. 70. Triplasis. Internodes of the rachilla and the callus of the flowering scale short, blunt. Panicle simple or compound, contracted or open, the spikelets on pedicels of varying length. 69. Tricuspis. Panicle composed of long branches along which the ap- pressed spikelets are arranged on short pedicels. 72. Diplachne. Lateral nerves of the flowering scale glabrous. Callus of the flowering scale conspicuously pubescent with long hairs. Panicle contracted ; flowering scale broadly oval, rounded at the apex. 74. Rhombolytrum. Panicle open and diffuse ; flowering scales lanceolate and acute. 71. Redfieldia. Callus of the flowering scale glabrous. Second empty scale similar to the first. Panicle narrow, the branches appressed. Panicle dull, interrupted ; rachilla articulated. 73. Molinia. Panicle shining, dense and spike-like ; rachilla continuous. 77. Koeleria. Panicle open, the branches more or less spreading. Rachilla continuous ; flowering scales deciduous in fruit, the palet persistent. 75. Eragrostis. Rachilla articulated ; flowering scales and palets both deciduous with the rachilla internodes. 78. Catabrosa, 66 FLORA, Second empty scale very dissimilar to the first, broad and rounded at the summit. 76. Eatonia. Flowering scales coriaceous in fruit ; seed beaked and exserted from the scales. 80. Korycarpus. Flowering; scales 5-many-nerved. Flowering scales 3-toothed at the apex. 68. Sieglingia. Flowering scales not 3-toothed at the apex. Spikelets with 2 or more of the upper scales empty, broad and enfolding each other. 79. Melica, Spikelets with the upper scales flower-bearing, or narrow and abortive. Keel of the palet winged or with a linear appendage. 81. Pleuropogon. Keel of the palet riot appendaged. Stigmas placed at or near the apex of the ovary ; flow- ering scales awned only in Nos. 85 and 93. Scales more or less strongly compressed and keeled. Empty basal scales 3-6 ; spikelets flat, 2-edged. 82. Uniola. Empty basal scales 2 ; spikelets flattened. Panicle contracted ; spikelets dioecious. 83. Distichlis. Panicle open ; spikelets perfect. Flowering scales herbaceous, awn- pointed ; spikelets collected in one- sided clusters. 85. Dactylis. Flowering scales scarious-margined ; rachis glabrous or with webby hairs. Spikelets large, cordate. 84. Briza. Spikelets mostly smaller, not cor- date. Empty scales projecting be- yond the uppermost flow- ering ones ; arctic grass. 88. Dupontia. Uppermost scales exceeding the empty ones ; flowering scales 2-10, mostly webby at base. 87. Poa. Flowering scales membranous ; rachis hirsute with stiff hairs, extended into a hairy appendage. 90. Graphephorum. Scales rounded on the back, at least below. Flowering scales with a basal ring of hairs, toothed at apex ; water grass. 89. Scolochloa. Flowering scales naked at the base : Obtuse or subacute and scarious at the apex, usually toothed. Plainly 5~7-nerved ; styles present. 91. Panicularia. Obscurely 5-nerved ; no style. 92. Puccinellia. Acute, pointed or awned at apex. 93. Festuca. Stigmas plainly arising below the apex of the ovary J scales mostly awned. 94. Bromus. Tribe XI. HORDEAE. Stigma i; spike unilateral; spikelets i-flowered, narrow. 95. Nardus. Stigmas 2 ; spike symmetrical. Spikelets solitary at the notches of the rachis. Flowering scales with their backs turned to the rachis. 96. Loh'um. GRAMINZAE. 6/ Flowering scales with their sides turned to the rachis. Spikelets i-2-flowered in slender articulate spikes. 97. Lepturus. Spikelets 2-many-flowered in stout inarticulate spikes (articulated in one species). 98. Agropvron. Spikelets 2-6 at each joint of the rachis ; scales mostly long-awned. Spikelets i-flowered or with the rudiment of a second flower. 99. Hordeum. Spikelets 2-many-flowered. Rachis of the spike articulated, readily breaking up into joints. 100. Sit an ion , Rachis of the spike continuous, not breaking up into joints. Empty scales a little smaller than the flowering ones. 101. Elytnus. Empty scales very small or none. 102. Hystrix. Tribe XII. BAMBUSEAE. Tall canes with large flat spikelets in panicles or racemes, 103. Arundinaria. i. TRIPSACUM L. Tall perennial grasses with thick rootstocks, rather broad, flat leaves and monoe- cious flowers. Spikelets i-2-flowered, in terminal or axillary, solitary or clustered, elongated spikes. Staminate spikelets in 2's at each node of the upper part of the axis. 2-flowere^ insisting of four scales, the two outer coriaceous, the two inner thinner, the palet hyaline; stamens 3. Pistillate spikelets in excavations at the lower joints of the spike, I -flowered; stigmas exserted; style slender. Grain partly enclosed in the excavations of the spikes, covered in front by the horny exterior lower scale. [Name from the Greek, in allusion to the polished outer scales. ] About 3 species, natives of tropical and temperate America. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern United States. I. Tripsacum dactyloides L. GAMA-GRASS. (I. F. f. 210.) Rootstock 1.25-2.5 cm. thick, culms stout, erect. 1-2 m. tall. Leaves smooth and glabrous, 3 dm. or more long, 1.25-3.75 cm. wide; spikes terminal, and in the upper axils, solitary or 2-3 together, 1-1.25 dm. long; outer scales of the staminate spikelets linear and obtuse, 8 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, faintly many-nerved; exterior scale of the pistillate spikelets horny, shining. In swamps or along streams, Conn, to Kansas, south to Fla. and Tex. June-Sept. 2. ERIANTHUS Michx. Tall, generally robust, perennial grasses, with thick creeping rootstocks, long flat leaves, and perfect flowers in terminal panicles. Spikelets generally with a ring of hairs at the base, 2 at each node of the jointed rachis, one sessile, the other with a pedicel, generally i -flowered. Scales 4, the two outer indurated, the inner hyaline, the fourth bearing a terminal straight or contorted awn; palet small, hya- line; stamens 3. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, referring to the woolly spikelets.] About 17 species, natives of the temperate and tropical re- gions of both hemispheres. Besides the following, four others occur in the Southern States. Awn spiral. i. E. alopecuroides. Awn straight. Panicle lax; branches long and spreading; basil hairs longer than the outer scale of the spikelet. 2. E. saccharoides. Panicle compact or strict; branches short and erect or appressed; basal hairs equal- ling or shorter than the outer scale of the spikelet. Outer scale about 5 mm. long. 3. E. compactus. Outer scale about 8 mm. long. 4. E. brevibarbis. i. Erianthus alopecuroides (L.) Ell. SPIRAL- AWNED PLUME-GRASS. (I. F. f. 211.) Culms stout, erect, 1.5-3 m. tall, the summit and the axis of the panicle densely pubescent. Sheaths glabrous ; leaves 1.5 6 dm. long, 1.25-2.5 cm. wide; panicle oblong, 1.5-3 dm. long, 5-7. 5 cm. wide, branches spreading, 7.5-12.5 68 FLORA. cm. long, slender, loose; awn 12-16 mm. long, the portion included in the outer scales tightly spiral, bent at point of exsertion, and thence loosely spiral. In damp soil, N. J. to Ky. and Mo., south to Ga. and Ala. Sept. 2. Erianthus saccharoides Michx. PLUME-GRASS. (I. F. f. 212.) Culms robust, erect, 1.4-3 m - ta ^ tne summit and the axis of the panicle densely pubescent, with appressed long rigid silky hairs. Sheaths densely pubescent at the throat; leaves 0.6-2.5 cm. wide; panicle lax, broadly oblong, 1.25-3.75 dm. long, 5-10 cm wide, its branches spreading, 5-10 cm. long, internodes about 4 mm. long; outer scales of the spikelet a little exceeding the pedicel and about one-half as long as the basal hairs; awn 2-2.5 cm. long, scabrous. In moist sandy soil, S. E. Va. to Fla. and La. Aug. -Sept. 3. Erianthus compactus Nash. CONTRACTED PLUME-GRASS. (I. F. f. 213.) Culms 1-3 m. tall, the summit and axis of the panicle densely pubescent with ap- pressed long rigid silky hairs. Sheaths glabrous, or pubescent at the top; leaves 6-12 mm. wide; panicle narrowly oblong, 1-1.5 dm. l n g about 3.75 cm. wide; branches erect, 2.5-5 cm. long; internodes about 2 mm. long; outer scales of the spikelet exceeding the pedicels and about equalling the basal hairs; awn 1-2 cm. long, scabrous. In moist soil, N. J. to N. C. and Tenn. Aug. -Sept. 4. Erianthus brevibarbis Michx. SHORT-BEARDED PLUME-GRASS. (I. F. f. 214.) Culms stout, erect, 1-2 m. tall, nodes naked or scantily barbed, the summit and axis of the panicle smooth or scabrous. Sheaths glabrous; leaves rough, 3- 4.5 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, acuminate; panicle linear-oblong, 2-2.5 dm. in length, 2.5-3.75 cm. wide, branches erect, 512.5 cm. long, internodes about 5 mm. long; outer scales of the spikelet about 8 mm. long, twice the length of the pedicel and equalling or twice as long as the basal hairs, lanceolate, long-acuminate; inner scales shorter; awn 1.8-2.5 cm. long, straight, scabrous. In moist soil, Del. to N. C. and La. Autumn. 3. MANISURIS L. Mostly tall perennials, with running rootstocks. narrow flat leaves and cylindri- cal jointed spikes, terminal and from the upper axils. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the excavated rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other with a pedicel and either staminate or empty. Scales of the perfect spikelet 4, the outermost thick and coriaceous, covering, together with the pedicel of the sterile spikelet, the exca- vation in the rachis; second scale chartaceous; third and fourth hyaline, the latter subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens three. Styles distinct. Grain free. [Greek, in allusion to the tail-like spikes.] About 25 species, widely dis- tributed in tropical and temperate countries. Culms from a creeping rootstock, round; sheaths round, narrow. i. M. cylindrica. Culms tufted, no rootstocks, much flattened, at least below ; sheaths much compressed, broad, keeled. 2. M. rugosa. 1. Manisuris cylindrica (Mx.) Kuntze. CREEPING MANSURIS. Culms 3-10 dm. tall, slender; leaves 3 dm. or less long, 1-3 mm. wide; racemes 1-2 dm. long; sessile spikelets 4.5-5 mm. long, about equalling the internodes, the first scale more or less pitted in longitudinal lines, or rarely unpitted, the the pits often con- taining a subulate hair; pedicellate spikelets reduced to I or 2 scales, the pedicel linear, shorter than the sessile spikelet and curved around its margin. In sandy soil, Ga. and Fla. to Tex.; also in Mo., Ark. and Ind. Terr. June-Aug. 2. Manisuris rugosa (Nutt.) Kuntze. WRINKLED MANISURIS. (I. F. f. 215.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall, compressed, much branched above. Sheaths compressed; leaves flat, 1.5-6 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; spikes partially included in the sheath or more or less exserted, 3-5 cm. long; outermost scale of the spikelets about 4 mm. long, strongly transverse-rugose. In wet soil along the coast, Del. to Fla., west to Tex. June-Sept. 4. ANDROPOGON L. , Perennial grasses with usually long narrow leaves, and terminal and axillary racemes. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the jointed hairy rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other with a pedicel and either staminate, empty or reduced to a GRAMINEAE. 69 single scale. Perfect spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the outer 2 coriaceous, the second keeled and acute, the two inner hyaline, the fourth more or less awned and subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. [Greek, in allusion to the bearded rachis.] About 150 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in. the south- ern and western parts of N. Am. Racemes singly disposed ; apex of the rachilla internodes with a translucent cup-shaped entire or irregularly-toothed appendage. Spikelets 5-7 mm. long ; sheaths of the innovations green. i. A. scoparius. Spikelets 8-10 mm. long; sheets of the innovations strongly compressed, glaucous. 2. A. littoralis. Racemes disposed in pairs or more ; apex of the rachis internodes unappendaged. Pedicellate spikelet sterile, of i or 2 scales, much smaller than the sessile one. Racemes usually protruding from the lateral fissure of the spathe, sometimes more or less exserted from the apex, the peduncle never long-exserted. Branches of the inflorescence crowded at the summit of the culm in a dense corymbiform panicle. 3. A. corymbosus. Branches of the inflorescence scattered along the culm in a long linear panicle. 4. A. Virginicus. Racemes much exserted on long peduncles. Stamen i ; upper sheaths much enlarged. 5. A. Elliot 'tit. Stamens 3 ; sheaths not enlarged. First scale of the spikelet nerveless between the keels ; terminal hairs of the internodes about twice their length. 6. A. argyraeus. First scale of the spikelet with 2 or 3 nerves between the keels; terminal hairs of the intemodes about equalling them. 7. A. Cabanisii. Pedicellate spikelet as large as or larger than the sessile, of 4 scales and a staminate or rarely perfect flower. Fourth scale of sessile spikelet with a long geniculate awn, more or less spiral at the base. Outer two scales of the sessile spikelet more or less hispidulous all over ; hairs on the rachis internodes usually 2 mm. or less long. 8. A./urcatus. Outer 2 scales of the sessile spikelet smooth or nearly so, except on the nerves ; hairs of the rachis internodes 3-4 mm. long, usually yellow. 9. A. chrysocomus. Fourth scale of the sessile spikelet awnless or with a short, straight, untwisted awn. Marginal hairs on the pedicels and rachis internodes copious, stiff. 10. A. Hallii. Marginal hairs on the pedicels and rachis internodes scant or almost want- ing, lax, crisped. n. A, paucipilus. 1. Andropogon scoparius Michx. BROOM BEARD-GRASS. (I. F. f. 216.) Culms tufted, 6-12 dm. tall. Sheaths sometimes glaucous ; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, scabrous ; spikes 2.5-5 cm. long, loose, solitary, on long-exserted slender peduncles; rachis slender, flexuous, joints and pedicels ciliate with long, spreading hairs; outer- most scale of sessile spikelet about 6 mm. long; awn spiral, 10-12 mm. long ; pedi- celled spikelet a single awn-pointed scale. In dry sandy fields, N. B. to Alb. south to Fla. and Tex. Aug. -Oct. 2. Andropogon littoralis Nash, n. sp. SEASIDE BEARD-GRASS. Culms densely tufted, 8-10 dm. tall, the innovations with the leaves and strongly com- pressed sheaths glaucous ; leaves 2 dm. long or less, rough ; racemes 34 cm. long, rarely longer ; sessile spikelets 8-10 mm. long, the awn of the fourth scale geniculate, spiral, 10-15 mm - l n g J pedicellate spikelet a single-awned scale. In sand along the seashore, N. Y. and N. J. Aug.-Oct. 3. Andropogon corymbosus (Chapm.) Nash. BUSHY BEARD-GRASS. (I. F. f. 221.) Culms 4-10 dm. tall, from a little exceeding to twice as long as the basal leaves ; sheaths keeled, those at the base much compressed and equitant, rough, more or less papillose-hirsute; culm leaves rough; spathes very rough, tightly en- rolled around the common peduncle, which is usually as long as the spathe and hispidulous toward the summit; racemes iu pairs, more or less exserted, 2-3 cm. 70 FLORA. long; sessile spikelet 4-5 mm. long, the awn 1-1.8 cm. long. Wet soil, D. C. to Fla. and Miss. Sept.-Oct. [A. glomeratus (Walt.) B. S. P. in part.] Andropogon corymbosus abbreviitus (Hack.) Nash. Differs from the type in having the spathes generally about equalling the racemes, and few if any of them narrow and enrolled on the peduncles. Similar situations, Long Island to Fla. Sept.-Oct. 4. Andropogon Virginicus L. VIRGINIA BEARD-GRASS. (I. F. f. 220.) Culms tufted, 5-10 dm. tall, many times longer than the basal leaves; sheaths, at least the lower ones, more or less tuberculate-hirsute on the margins; leaves 4 dm. long or less, more or less hirsute on the upper surface near the base; spathes 3-5 cm. long, broad; racemes generally in pairs, 2-3 cm. long; sessile spikelets 3-4 mm. long, the awn 10-15 long; pedicellate spikelet wanting or rarely present as a minute scale. Dry or moist fields, Mass, to 111., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug.- Sept. 5. Andropogon Elliottii Chapm. ELLIOTT'S BEARD-GRASS. (I. F. f. 222.) Culms tufted, 5-8 dm. tall; lower sheaths and those of the innovations densely ap- pressed-hirsute, those of the inflorescence much enlarged and much crowded at the summit, 8-n cm. long; leaves 2 dm. or less long, rough above and hirsute near the base; racemes in pairs, slender, 3-4 cm. long, those on the longer branch at each node exserted, the rest concealed in the sheaths; sessile spikelets 4.5-5 mm - long, the awn geniculate, 1.5-2.3 cm. long, usually spiral at the base, the column much exserted. Dry sandy soil, Pa. (according to S. Watson), south to Fla. and Miss. Sept.-Oct. 6. Andropogon argyraeus Schultes. SILVERY BEARD-GRASS. (I. F. f. 217.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall, simple at base, generally much branched above. Sheaths some- what compressed ; basal leaves 1.5-3 dm. l n g; upper 5-20 cm. by 2 mm. wide; spikes in pairs, 2.5-5 cm - l n g on exserted slender peduncles; joints of the rachis and pedicels pubescent with long, silky- white, spreading hairs; outermost scale of sessile spikelet about 5 mm. long, acuminate, hispidulous; awn loosely spiral, 12-18 mm. long, scabrous; pedicelled spikelet a minute deciduous scale. In dry sandy soil. Del. to Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. Sept. 7. Andropogon Cabanisii Hack. CABANIS' BEARD-GRASS. Culms 6-10 dm. tall. Sheaths smooth or a little roughened; leaves 2.5 dm. or less long, smooth beneath, rough above; racemes in pairs, 47 cm. long, grayish; sessile spikelets 6-7 mm. long, broadly lanceolate, the first scale strongly hispidulous and 2-3-nerved between the keels; pedicellate spikelet of a single hispidulous scale 3-3.5 mm. long. Dry soil, Pa. (according to Hackel) and Fla. June-Aug. 8. Andropogon furcatus Muhl. FORKED BEARD-GRASS. (I. F. f. 210.) Culms stout, 9-18 dm. tall. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves 1.5-4.5 dm. long; spikes 2-5, in pairs or approximate, 5-10 cm. long; joints of rachis and pedicels ciliate with short hairs; outermost scale of sessile spikelet 6-8 mm. long; awn 10-14 mm. long; loosely spiral, geniculate; pedicelled spikelet of 4 scales. In dry or moist soil, Me. to Man., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 9. Andropogon chrysocomus Nash, n. sp. YELLOW-HAIRED BEARD-GRASS. Culms 7-15 dm. tall; sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves 3 dm. long or less, smooth beneath, a little roughened above; racemes in 2's-4*s, 5-9 cm. long, stout, long-exserted ; sessile spikelets about I cm. long, the outer 2 scales hispid on the nerves, the awn of the fourth scale twisted at the base, geniculate, 10-12 mm. long; pedicellate spikelet awnless. Dry soil, Kans. to Tex. July-Sept. 10. Andropogon Hallii Hack. HALL'S BEARD-GRASS. (I. F. f. 218.) Culms robust, 9-18 dm. tall, more or less glaucous. Sheaths somewhat glaucous; leaves 3dm. long or less; spikes 2-5, 5-10 cm. long; outermost scale of sessile spikelet about 8 mm. long, acuminate, glabrous at base, from sparingly to copiously silky- pubescent toward the apex; awn straight, 4-10 mm. long, or sometimes wanting; pedicelled spikelet consisting of 4 scales, generally larger than the sessile spikelet and enclosing three stamens. Dry sandy soil, Kans. and Mont, to Mex. Aug.- Sept. 11. Andropogon paucipilus Nash, ;/. sp. SCANT-HAIRED BEARD-GRASS. Culms IO-I2 dm. tall, rather stout. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, as are the leaves which are erect and 3 dm. long or less; racemes in 2 f s-3's ? 5-7 cm. long, exserted; GRAMINEAE. 7 1 sessile spikelets 9-10 mm. long, the outer 2 scales hispid on the nerves toward the apex, pubescent toward the summit with long loose-crisped hairs; pedicellate spike- let similar to the sessile one, staminate. In dry soil, Mont, and Neb. July. 5. AMPHILOPHIS Nash. Perennial grasses with usually flat leaves and showy, often silvery -white, pan. icles, the axis short, making the panicle appear fan-like, or elongated with the branches more scattered. Racemes usually numerous, the internodes with mani- festly thickened margins, the median portion thin and translucent, the pedicels of the same structure, the margins ciliate with usually long hairs. Sessile spikelets of 4 scales, the first one 2-keeled, the second I -keeled, the third and fourth scales hyaline, the latter very narrow, stipe-like, somewhat thickened, gradually merg- ing into a usually geniculate, contorted or spiral awn, or the awn rarely wanting. Pedicellate spikelets staminate and similar to the sessile, or sterile and smaller than them. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, in reference to the hairs surrounding the spikelets.] About 30 species, in temperate and tropical countries. I. Amphilophis Torreyanus (Steud.) Nash. TORREY'S BEARD -GRASS. (I. F. f. 223.) Culms erect, 4.5-10.5 dm. tall, the nodes naked. Sheaths more or less glaucous; leaves 7.5-17.5 cm. long, glaucous; spikes 2.5-3.75 cm. long in a terminal long-exserted panicle 4-10 cm. long; outermost scale of sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, about equalling the terminal hairs of the rachis-joints, lanceolate, acute; awn 8- 1 6 mm. long, spiral; pedicelled spikelet rudimentary. In dry soil, Kans. to Ariz, and Mex. Aug.-Sept. (Andropogon Torreyanus Steud.) 6. SORGHASTRUM Nash. Generally tall grasses, ours perennials, with long, narrow, flat leaves and termi- nal panicles. Spikelets in pairs, or 3*3 at the end of the branches, one sessile and perfect, the lateral pedicelled, empty, or reduced to the pedicel only. Perfect spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the two outer indurated and shining, the inner hyaline, the fourth awned and subtending a palet and perfect flower, or the palet sometimes wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. [Named in reference to its resemblance to sorghum.] About 15 species, in tem- perate and tropical countries. (Chrysopogon Benth. Not Trin.) i. Sorghastrum avenaceum (Michx.) Nash. INDIAN GRASS. (I. F. f. 224.) Culms 9-24 dm. tall. Lower leaves 3 dm. or more in length; panicle 1-3 dm. long, brownish -yellow; branches 5-10 cm. long, erect-spreading ; spikelets erect or somewhat spreading ; first scale of sessile spikelet 6-8 mm. long, pubescent with long hairs; second scale glabrous; awn 1-2 cm. long, the column having but a single bend ; lateral spikelets wanting. In dry fields, Ont. to Man., south to N. H., Fla. and Ariz. Aug. Sept. {Chrysopogon avenaceus Benth.) 7. SORGHUM Pers. Annual or perennial grasses, with long, broad, flat leaves and terminal ample panicles. Spikelets in pairs at the nodes, or in 3's at the ends of the branches, one sessile and perfect, the lateral pedicelled, staminate or empty. Sessile spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the outer indurated and shining, obscurely-nerved, inner hyaline, the fourth awned and subtending a small palet and perfect flower, or palet sometimes wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain free. [Name Indian. ] About 13 species, of wide distribution in tropical and warm-temperate regions. i. Sorghum Halepense (L.) Pers. JOHNSON-GRASS. (I. F. f. 225.) Culms 9-20 dm. tall; sheaths smooth; leaves 3 dm. or more long, 6-25 mm. wide; panicle from 1.5-4.5 dm. long; outer scales of sessile spikelet 4-6 mm. long, usually purplish, pubescent with long appressed hairs; awn when present 8-16 mm. long. In fields and waste places, southern Pa. to Mo. and Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. Native of southern Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 8. NAZIA Adans. An annual grass, diffusely branched, with flat leaves and I -flowered decid lous spikelets, either solitary or in clusters of 3-5 in a terminal spike. Scales of spikelet 2 or 3, the outermost small or wanting, the second rigid and covered with hooked prickles, the third membranous, subtending a palet and perfect flower. [Name ?2 FLORA. unexplained.] A monotypic genus, native of tropical and temperate regions of the Old World. i. Nazia racemosa (L.) Kuntze. PRICKLE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 226.) Culms 5-35 cm. tall, pubescent above. Leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. long, rather strongly ciliate; spike 2.5-10 cm. long, sometimes partially included in the somewhat inflated upper sheath; second scale coriaceous, 3 mm. long, 5 -nerved; third scale 2 mm. long, i -nerved. Occasional in ballast and waste places about the seaports. July-Sept. 9. PASPALUM L. Perennial grasses, various in habit, with generally flat leaves and I -flowered spikelets, borne singly or in pairs in 2 rows on I -sided spikes, which are single, in pairs or panicled. Spikelets oblong to orbicular, flat on the outer surface, convex on the inner. Scales 3, the outer ones membranous, the inner one indurated and subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles separate. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid or oblong, free. [An ancient Greek name for some grass, used by Hippocrates.] About 160 species, of wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions, most abundant in America. Rachis of the racemes very broad, twice the width of the spikelets, or nearly so, which are partially concealed by its inrolled margins. Rachis extending beyond the spikelets, long-acuminate; spikelets about i mm. long. 1. P. mucronatum. Rachis not extending beyond the spikelets, acute ; spikelets 2 mm. long. - 2. P. membranaceum. Rachis of the racemes narrower than the spikelets, not inrolled on the margins. Racemes 2, approximately in a pair at the summit of the culm ; rootstocks exten- sively creeping ; culms not tufted. 3. P. distichum. Racemes i-several, alternate ; culms tufted. Culms simple, no branches from the upper sheath ; racemes stout. Spikelets obtuse, glabrous. Spikelets 3 mm. or less long. Leaves very hirsute on both surfaces ; the hairs on the sheaths very dense and long. 4. P. plenipilum. Leaves glabrous beneath, or nearly so. Spikelets elliptic, hence longer than broad, decidedly convex on the inner side ; sheaths glabrous or nearly so. 5. P. laeve. Spikelets orbicular, or nearly so, hence as broad as long, but little convex on the inner side ; sheaths hirsute. 6. P. circulare. Spikelets 4 mm. or more long. 7. P. glabratum. Spikelets acute, long villous-ciliate on the margins. 8. P. dilatatum. Culms branched, the upper sheath containing from 1-3 branches; racemes slender. Leaves glabrous on both surfaces, or the midnerve sometimes pubescent beneath. Sheath margins glabrous. 9. P. ciliatifolium. Sheath margins pubescent. Spikelets orbicular, hence as broad as long, straw-color, 2 mm. in diameter. 10. P. stramineum. Spikelets broadly obovate to oval, longer than broad, green, 1.5 mm. long. ii. P. longipedunculatum. Leaves pubescent on both surfaces. Pubescence of copious soft short -appressed hairs. Culms prostrate, the lower leaves i dm. or less long. 12. P. prostratum. Culms erect, the lower leaves 1.5 dm. or more long. 13. P. Bushii. Pubescence of more or less spreading and usually rather long stout hairs. Culm densely pilose below the racemes; lower sheaths usually glabrous or nearly so. 14. P. pubescens. Culm glabrous ; lower sheaths generally hirsute. Spikelets 1-1.5 mm. long. 15. P. setaceum. Spikelets 2-2.25 mm. long. Racemes on the main culm i, or sometimes 2 ; spikelets glabrous ; leaves rather thin. 16. P. Muhlenbergii. Racemes on the main culm 2 or 3 ; spikelets pubescent; leaves thick. 17. P. dasyphyllum. GRAMINEAE. 73 1. Paspalum mucronatum Muhl. WATER PASPALUM. (I. F. f. 227.) Culms ascending, 1.5-9 dm. long, from a floating or creeping base, branched. Sheaths very loose or inflated, smooth or scabrous, glabrous or pubescent ; leaves 7.5-30 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, acuminate, scabrous ; spikes 20-100 , 1.25-7.5 cm. long, alternate or sometimes approximately whorled, slender ; rachis flat, thin, ex- ceeding the spikelets, long-acuminate, scabrous, its margins nearly enclosing the spikelets; spikelets in two rows, about I mm. long, elliptic, pubescent ; outer scales very thin, 2-nerved, the first one usually a little the longer. In water, Va. to southern 111. and Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. Also in tropical America. Sept. 2. Paspalum membranaceum Walt. WALTER'S PASPALUM. (I. F. f. 228.) Culms erect or ascending, much branched, smooth, creeping at the base. Sheaths a little inflated, smooth ; leaves 3.75-8.75 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide ; spikes 3-7, alternate, about 2.5 cm. long, the lower ones usually included in the upper sheath; rachis not exceeding the spikelets, flat, thin, 2-3 mm. wide, acute, smooth, its inrolled margins partly enclosing the spikelets ; spikelets about 2 mm. long, crowded in 2 rows, oval, obtuse, smooth; outer scales 5-nerved; third scale len- ticular, slightly shorter than the outer ones. Moist or wet grounds, N. J. and Del. to southern Ohio, south to Fla. and Tex. Sept. 3. Paspalum distichum L. JOINT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 229.) Culms erect, 1.5-6 dm. tall, extensively creeping at base. Sheaths smooth, sometimes ciliate on the margins, or sparsely pubescent; leaves flat, 3.75-12.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, acuminate, smooth; spikes 2.56.25 cm. long, in pairs, or occasionally with a third, exserted ; rachis flat, 1-2 mm. wide, smooth ; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, elliptic, somewhat pubescent or glabrous, acute, nearly sessile in 2 rows ; outer scales 3-5 -nerved, slightly exceeding the acute third one, which is sparingly bearded at the apex. Va. to Mo. and Cal., south to Fla., Tex. and Mex. Also in the West Indies, Central and South America. Aug. -Sept. 4. Paspalum plenipilum Nash, n. sp. LONG-HAIRED PASPALUM. Culms tufted, erect, rather slender, 3-8 dm. tall. Sheaths little compressed, very densely pubescent with long spreading white hairs; leaves erect or nearly so, 2.5 dm. or less long, 46 mm. wide, densely pubescent on both surfaces with stiff hairs, those toward the base on the upper surface very long; racemes 2-4, ascending, 3-6 cm. long; spikelets singly arranged, oval. 2.5-2.75 mm. long and about 2 mm. broad, prominently convex on the inner side, the empty scales glabrous, 3 -nerved. In dry places, N. J. Aug. 5. Paspalum laeve Michx. FIELD PASPALUM. (I. F. f. 234.) Bright green, culms rather stout, erect or ascending, 3-9 dm. tall, glabrous. Sheaths com- pressed, glabrous or somewhat pubescent; leaves 7.5-30 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, acuminate, glabrous beneath, hirsute above near the base; spikes 2-6, 3.57.5 cm. long, more or less spreading, alternate, about 2-5 cm. apart on the single stout peduncle, pilose in the axils; spikelets 2.5-3 mm - l n g> oval, close, crowded in 2 rows, glabrous. In moist fields, R. I. to Ky. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. Ascends to 1700 ft. in N. C. Aug. -Sept. 6. Paspalum circulate Nash, n. sp. ROUND-FLOWERED PASPALUM. Culms erect or nearly so, 3-8 dm. tall. Sheaths compressed, at least the lower ones hir- sute; leaves erector ascending, 3 dm. or less long, 5-8 mm. wide, glabrous beneath, hirsute above toward the base; racemes usually in pairs, sometimes in 3's, rarely in 4*5, 4-9 cm. long; spikelets singly arranged, orbicular, about 3 mm. in dia- meter, the inner side but slightly convex, the empty scales glabrous, very thin, bright green, 3-nerved. In moist or dry fields, N. Y. to N. C.; also in Mo. July- Sept. 7. Paspalum glabratum (Engelm.) Mohr. ENGELMANN'S PASPALUM. (I. F. f. 235.) Culms stout, erect, 9-18 dm. tall, .from a creeping rootstock, gla- brous. Sheaths glabrous, sometimes glaucous; leaves 2-4 dm. long, 6-14 mm. wide, acuminate, glabrous beneath, hirsute above; spikes 25, on the single stout peduncle, 5-12 cm. long, erect or ascending, bearded in the axils; rachis about 2 mm. wide, flat on the back, scabrous on the margins; spikelets 4 mm. long, broadly oval, glabrous, glaucous, singly disposed and crowded in 2 rows; outer scales 5-nerved; third scale striate. Moist places, Del. to Ky. and Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. Sept. (Pasjpalm/i Floridamun Michx. in part.) 74 FLORA. 8. Paspalum dilatatum Poir. TALL PASPALUM. (I. F. f. 230.). Culms erect, 9-18 dm. tall. Sheaths compressed, smooth and glabrous; leaves 3 dm. or more long, 4-10 mm. wide, sometimes with a tuft of hairs at the base; spikes 4-12, 5-12.5 cm. long, spreading, alternate; rachisof the spikes narrow, less than 2 mm. wide, somewhat flexuous, scabrous; spikelets about 3 mm. long, in 3 or 4 rows, acute; outer scales 5 -nerved, the first villous on the margins, the second glabrous or sparsely pubescent, the third nearly orbicular, minutely punctate-striate. In moist soil, Va. to Fla., west to Tex. Aug.-Sept. 9. Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. CILIATE-LEAVED PASPALUM. Culms tufted, erect, 4-8 dm. tall. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves 5-25 cm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, smooth and glabrous on both surfaces, the margins conspicuously ciliate with long hairs; racemes single or sometimes in 2's, 511 cm. long; spike- lets in pairs, i. 8-2. 1 mm. long and 1.5-1.8 mm. broad, oval to broadly obovate, the empty scales 3 -nerved, or the midnerve rarely lacking in the second, glabrous. In sandy or rocky soil, D. C. and Va. to Fla. and Miss. June-Sept. 10. Paspalum stramineum Nash, n. sp. STRAW-COLORED PASPALUM. Foli- age yellowish-green, the spikelets, and sometimes also the sheaths, pale straw-color. Culms tufted, 2-8 dm. tall; sheaths, all but the lower ones, glabrous except on the margins; leaves erect or nearly so, firm, long-ciliate on the margins, otherwise glabrous, 525 cm. long, 510 mm. wide; racemes 410 cm. long, usually in pairs, rarely I or 3; spikelets in pairs, orbicular, 2 mm. in diameter, the first scale 3- nerved, pubescent, the second scale 2-nerved, glabrous or nearly so. In sandy places and fields, Neb., Kans. and Ind. Terr. July-Sept. {Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. in part.) ix. Paspalum longipedunculatum Le Conte. LONG-STALKED PASPALUM. (I. F. f. 233.) Culms reclining or decumbent, 34.5 dm. long, smooth, leafy at base. Sheaths glabrous or ciliate on the margins, pilose at the throat; leaves 2.5- 8.75 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, ciliate on the margins and along the midnerve; pe- duncles 1-2 from the upper sheath; spikes 1-2, 2.5-6.25 cm. long, more or less curved; rachis very narrow, more or less flexuous; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long; outer scales 3 -nerved, the first one glabrous or sometimes sparsely pubescent; third scale slightly exceeding the outer ones. Sandy soil, N. C. to Fla., Ky. and Tenn. Aug.-Sept. 12. Paspalum prostratum Nash, n. sp. PROSTRATE PASPALUM. Culms pros- trate, tufted, forming large, dense masses, 58 dm. long. Sheaths, as well as both surfaces of the leaves, softly and densely pubescent with short hairs; leaves erect or nearly so, ciliate on the margins, 3.5-10 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide; racemes 5- 7.5 cm. long, usually in pairs on the main culm; spikelets in pairs, about 2 mm. long and 1.8 mm. wide, oval, the outer scales densely pubescent, the first scale 3 -nerved, the second scale usually 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve. In dry sandy soil, southeastern N. Y. to Del. Aug.-Sept. 13. Paspalum Bushii Nash, ;/. sp. BUSH'S PASPALUM. Culms erect, 8-10 dm. tall, rather stout, lower sheaths pubescent, the others pilose on the margins; leaves erect or ascending, 5-20 cm. long, 5-15 mm. broad, ciliate on the margins, softly and densely pubescent on both surfaces with very short hairs; racemes 10-12 cm. long, in 2's or 3*5 on the main culm; spikelets in pairs, 2-2.2 mm. long and about 1.8 mm. broad, oval, the empty scales densely pubescent, 3-nerved, or the second scale sometimes 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve. In dry soil, Mo. Aug. 14. Paspalum pubescens Muhl. PUBESCENT PASPALUM. Culms erect, 4- 8 dm. tall, pilose at the summit. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so; leaves 423 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, rarely broader, densely long -pubescent on both surfaces; racemes usually I, rarely 2, 6-12 cm. long; spikelets in pairs, glabrous, about 2 mm. long, oval, 1.5-1.8 mm. wide, the empty scales 3-nerved, or the second 2- nerved by the suppression of the midnerve. In dry soil, N. J. and Pa. to Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. (Paspalum ciliatifolium. Michx. in part.) 15. Paspalum setaceum Michx. SLENDER PASPALUM. (I. F. f. 231.) Culms mostly erect, 3-6 dm. tall, slender, smooth. Sheaths and leaves generally very pubescent, the latter 7.5-20 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, erect, acuminate; spikes 3.75-8.75 cm. long, more or less curved, generally solitary, occasionally 2, on a long-exserted slender peduncle, with usually I or 2 additional shorter pe- GRAMINEAE. 75 duncles from the same upper sheath; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, in 2 narrow rows, broadly obovate, very obtuse; empty scales 3-nerved, glabrous or pubescent; third scale obovate, shining. In dry fields, N. H. and Mass, to 111., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 16. Paspalum Muhlenbergii Nash, n. sp. MUHLENBERG'S PASPALUM. (I. F. f. 232.) Culms tufted, at first erect, at length reclining, 4-8 dm. long. Sheaths usually hirsute all over; leaves 5-20 cm. long, usually 7-11 mm. wide, sometimes narrower, ciliate on the margins with generally long hairs, more or less pubescent on both surfaces with similar hairs; racemes solitary or in 2's, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets in pairs, glabrous, about 2 mm. long and 1.8 mm. wide, oval or broadly obovate, the empty scales 3-nerved, or the second rarely 2 -nerved by the suppression of the mid- nerve. In fields or in sandy or stony ground, Mass, to Mo. and Ind. Terr., south to S. Car., Ga. and Miss. Aug.-Oct. (Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. in part.) 17. Paspalum dasyphy'llum Ell. HAIRY-LEAVED PASPALUM. Plant yellow- ish green. Culms tufted, 2-6 dm. tall; sheaths, as well as both surfaces of the leaves, densely pubescent with long, yellowish, spreading hairs ; leaves erect or ascending, thick, 2 dm. or less long, usually 1-2 cm. broad; racemes on the main culm in 2's or 3's, 4-10 cm. long; spikelets in pairs, 22.2 mm. long and about 1.8 mm. wide, broadly obovate, the first scale generally pubescent, 3-nerved, the second scale glabrous, usually 2 -nerved or sometimes 3-nerved. In dry, usually sandy, places, S. Car. to Fla.; also in Mo. June-Sept. (Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. in part.) 10. ANASTROPHUS Schlecht. Perennial grasses, with the culms usually rooting at the lower nodes, with flat leaves and i -flowered spikelets, borne singly in 2 rows in one-sided spikes which (in our species) are disposed in a single pair at the summit of the culm, or some- times with an additional one a short distance below. Spikelets oblong to lan- ceolate, convex on the outer surface, flat on the inner. Scales 3, the outer 2 membranous, the inner one firm and with its opening turned toward the rachis, subtending a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles separate. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. [Greek, signifying turned around, referring to the spikelets.] Spikelets less than 2 mm. long, oblong. i. A. compressus. Spikelets about 4 mm. long, broadly lanceolate. 2. A. paspaloides. 1. Anastrophus compressus (Sw.) Schlecht. (I. F. f. 236.) Stolons nu- merous, leafy, sometimes 6 dm. long. Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, slender, compressed, glabrous; sheaths loose; leaves glabrous, sometimes sparsely ciliate, obtuse, those of the culm 5-10 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, those of the stolons about 2.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; spikes 2-5, 2.5-5 cm - l n g> approximate at the summit of the long and slender stalk ; spikelets not crowded nor secund, about 2 mm. long, acute. Va. to Fla. and west to La. Widely distributed in tropical America. Probably not native in the U. S. Aug. -Sept. (Paspalum compressum Nees.) 2. Anastrophus paspaloides (Michx.) Nash. (I. F. f. 237.) Culms 3-7.5 dm. tall, from an extensively creeping base. Sheaths and leaves glabrous or pubescent, the latter 5-22 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, obtuse; spikes 3.75-8.75 cm. long, in pairs, or sometimes with an additional one; rachis flat, about I mm. wide; spikelets about 4 mm. long, broadly lanceolate, acute, not crowded ; outer scales 5-nerved, glabrous. Moist ground, Md. to Fla., west to Tex. July-Aug. (Pas- palum paspaloides Scribn. ) ix. AMPHICARPON Raf. Erect perennial grasses, with flat leaves and spikelets of two kinds ; one kind borne in terminal panicles, deciduous without perfecting fruit ; the other solitary, terminating subterranean peduncles, and maturing seed. Scales 3, membranous, the innermost subtending a palet and a perfect flower ; the scales of the subter- ranean spikelets become indurated and enclose the grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, in allusion to the two kinds of spikelets.] Species 2, inhabiting the southeastern U. S., one of them restricted to Fla. 76 FLORA. z. Amphicarpon Amphicarpon (Pursh) Nash. (I. F. f. 238.) Culms 3-4.5 dm. tall, slender, glabrous. Sheaths papillose-hirsute; leaves 2.5-15 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, erect, hirsute and ciliate; panicle linear, 1-1.5 dm. long, branches erect; spikelets about 4 mm. long, elliptic; outer scales 5 -nerved, glabrous; subterranean spikelets ovoid in fruit, about 6 mm. long. In moist pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. near the coast. Aug. -Sept. 12. ERIOCHLOA. H. B. K. Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and short-pedicelled spikelets borne in secund spikes, which form a terminal panicle. Spikelets with an annular callus at the base and articulated to the pedicel. Scales 3, the two outer mem- branous, acute, the inner one shorter, indurated and subtending a palet and a per- fect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. [Greek, signifying wool-grass.] i. Eriochloa punctata (L.) W. Hamilt. DOTTED MILLET. (I. F. f. 239.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall. Sheaths sometimes pubescent ; leaves 5-25 cm. long ; spikes 4-25, 2.5-5 cm - l n g< sess il e or nearly so; rachis pubescent; spikelets about 4 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; outer scales pubescent with appressed silky hairs, the third about 2 mm. long, rounded at the apex and bearing a pubescent awn about I mm. long. Neb. to Tex. and Mex. Widely distributed in trop. Am. 13. SYNTHERISMA Walt. Annual grasses, with flat leaves and spikelets borne in pairs or sometimes in 3's, in secund spikes which are digitate or approximate at the summit of the culm. Spikes often purplish. Scales of the spikelet 4, sometimes 3 by the suppression of the lowest one; the fourth or innermost scale chartaceous, subtending a palet of simi- lar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, crop- making, in allusion to its abundance.] Species about 25, widely distributed in tem- perate and tropical regions. Rachis of the racemes with the angles wingless; first scale of the spikelet wanting, or sometimes present as an inconspicuous rudiment. Racemes usually short, 2-10 cm. long; spikelets less than 2 mm. long. i. S.filiformis. < Racemes usually exceeding 10 cm. long, rarely shorter ; spikelets 2.25 mm. or more long. 2. S. villosa. Rachis of the racemes with the lateral angles broadly winged; first scale of the spikelet usually present, generally wanting in Nos. 3 and 4. Pedicels terete or nearly so, sparingly if at all hispidulous. Sheaths and leaves strongly pubescent; second scale one-half or less as long as the spikelet. 3. S. serotina. Sheaths and leaves glabrous; second scale nearly as long as the spikelet. 4. S. linearis. Pedicels sharply 3-angled, the angles strongly hispidulous. Spikelets usually less than 3 mm. long; third scale with the first and second nerves on each side hispid above the middle. 5. S. sanguinalis. Spikelets more than 3 mm. long; third scale with the nerves smooth. 6. S.fimbriata. 1. Syntherisma filiformis (L.)Nash. SLENDER FINGER-GRASS. (I. F. f. 242.) Culms 1.5-7 dm. tall. Sheaths hirsute, at least the lower ones; leaves 3-20 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide; racemes 2-5, 2-10 cm. long, erect or ascending; spikelets about 1.8 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, elliptic, acute, in pairs, the first scale want- ing, the second 3 -nerved, the third 7-nerved, the fourth scale deep chestnut-brown at maturity. Dry sandy soil, N. H. to Mich., south to Del., N. C. and the Ind. Terr. July-Sept. 2. Syntherisma villosa Walt. SOUTHERN SLENDER FINGER-GRASS. Culms densely tufted, 6-14 dm. tall. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, hirsute; leaves 0.7-2.5 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; racemes 2-8, commonly more than 5, 4-20 cm. long, generally 12-15 cm -? ere ct or ascending; spikelets 2.5 mm. long, about 0.8 mm. wide, elliptic, acute, usually in 3*5, the first scale wanting, the second scale 3-nerved, the third scale 7-nerved, the fourth scale deep chestnut-brown at matur- ity. Sandy soil, principally along the coast, from Ga. and Fla. to Tex. ; also in the Ind. Terr, and 111. June-Get. GRAMINEAE. 77 3. Syntherisma serotina Walt. LATE-FLOWERING FINGER-GRASS. (I. F. f. 24ia.) Culms 2-5 dm. long, tufted, at length much branched and prostrate and rooting at the lower nodes. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely papillose- hirsute with spreading hairs; leaves 1.5-10 cm. long, usually less than 5 cm., 3-10 mm. wide, lanceolate, pubescent on both surfaces; racemes 2-6, 2.5-10 cm. long; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long and 0.6 mm. wide, elliptic, acute, usually in pairs, the first scale wanting, the second 3-nerved, the fourth scale white. Low, open grounds, Del. to Fla. and Miss. June-Oct. 4. Syntherisma linearis (Krock.) Nash. SMALL CRAB-GRASS. (I. F. f. 241.) Culms 2-5 dm. tall, finally prostrate, and forming large mats. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves 1.5-13 cm. long, 2.5-6 mm. wide, smooth and glabrous on both surfaces; racemes 2-5, 2-8 cm. long, finally widely spreading; spikelets slightly exceeding 2 mm. long and about I mm. wide, elliptic, acutish, usually in pairs, the first scale wanting or sometimes present as a mere rudiment, the second scale 3-nerved, the third scale 7-nerved, the fourth scale deep chestnut- brown when mature. Introduced into waste places and fields and along roadsides, N. S. to S. Dak., south to Fla. and Kans. July-Sept. 5. Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac. LARGE CRAB-GRASS. (I. F. f. 240.) Culms i m. or less long, finally prostrate at the base and rooting at the lower nodes. Lower sheaths densely papillose-hirsute ; leaves 4-20 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, more or less papillose-hirsute on both surfaces; racemes 3-10, 5-18 cm. long; spikelets 2.53 mm - l n g an( i about 0.8 mm. wide, elliptic -lanceolate, acute, in pairs, the first scale minute, triangular, the second scale 3-nerved, about one-half as long as the spikelet. the third scale 7-nerved, the fourth scale yellowish white, acutely apiculate. Cultivated places, fields, roadsides, etc., throughout N. Am., principally in the north. July- Aug. 6. Syntherisma fimbriata (Link) Nash. FIMBRIATE CRAB-GRASS. Culms 8 dm. long or less, finally prostrate at the base and rooting at the lower nodes. Lower sheaths densely papillose-hirsute with spreading hairs; leaves 2-8 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, both surfaces glabrous or more or less pubescent ; racemes 2-9, 2-12 cm. long; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long and about 0.8 mm. wide, lanceolate, very acute, in pairs, the first scale minute, the second scale 3-nerved, more than one- half as long as the spikelet, the third scale 7 -nerved, the fourth scale lanceolate, very acute, yellowish-white. Dry sandy soil, D. C. to Fla., west to Tex., also in Kans. June-Sept. 14. BRACHIARIA Ledeb. Usually perennial grasses, with flat leaves and a panicle composed of alternate scattered one-sided racemes with the spikelets borne in 2 rows. Spikelets I -flowered, articulated to the pedicel below the empty scales. Scales 4, the outer 3 membran- ous; fourth scale chartaceous, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. Species about loo, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Spikelets ovate, acute, about 2.5 mm. long. i. B. digitarioides, Spikelets oval or obovoid, obtuse, turgid, about 3 mm. long. 2. B. obtusa, 1. Brachiaria digitarioides (Carpenter) Nash. NARROW PANICUM. (I. F. f. 245.) Glabrous, culms erect from a long and stout creeping rootstock, 9-15 dm. tall, simple, stout, smooth. Sheaths smooth; leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, 8-16 mm. wide, long-acuminate; panicle linear, 1.53 dm. long, its branches 2.57.5 cm. long, erect; spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, ovate, acute; first scale about one-half as long as the spikelet, acute, 3-nerved; second about 2 mm. long, 5-nerved and a little exceeded by the 3-nerved third one; the fourth 3-nerved, slightly shorter than the third. In water, Del. to Fla. and Tex. July Aug. (Panicum digitarioides Carpenter. ) 2. Brachiaria obtusa (H. B. K.) Nash. BLUNT PANICUM. (I. F. f. 246.) Glabrous, culms erect, 3-6 dm. tall, simple or branching at base, smooth. Sheaths smooth; leaves 6.25-22 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, usually erect, long-acuminate; panicle linear, 5-15 cm. long; branches 1.8-3.7 cm. long, appressed; spikelets about 3 mm. long, crowded, oval or obovoid, obtuse, turgid; first scale shorter 78 FLORA. than the rest, obtuse, 5 -nerved; second, third and fourth scales about equal, the second and third 5 -nerved, the fourth chartaceous. Kans. to Ariz., south to Tex. and Mex. July-Sept. (Panicum obtusum H. B. K.) 15. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. Usually tall grasses, commonly annuals, with broad leaves and a terminal in- florescence consisting of one-sided racemes racemosely or paniculately arranged. Spikelets I -flowered, singly disposed, or in smaller racemes or clusters on the ulti- mate divisions of the inflorescence. Scales 4, the outer 3 membranous, hispid on the nerves, the third and usually also the second scale awned, or sometimes merely awn-pointed, the awn often very long; fourth scale indurated, shining, fre- quently pointed, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. [Greek, in reference to the stout hispid hairs of the spikelets.] Species about 12, mostly in warm and tropical countries. Sheaths glabrous. Spikelets 3 mm. long, the second and third scales more or less awned. 1. E. Crus-galli. Spikelets 2 mm. long, the second and third scales merely awn-pointed. 2. E. colon a. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely papillose-hirsute. 3. E. Walteri. I. Echinochloa Crus-galli (L.) Beauv. BARNYARD-GRASS. COCKSPUR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 243.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall, often branching at base. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves 1.5-6 dm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, glabrous, smooth or scabrous; panicle composed of 5-15 sessile, erect or ascending branches, or the lower branches spreading or reflexed; spikelets ovate, green or purple, densely crowded in 2-4 rows on one side of the rachis; second and third scales about 3 mm. long, scabrous or hispid, the third scale more or less awned, empty, the fourth ovate, abruptly pointed. In cultivated and waste places, throughout N. Am. except the extreme north. Widely distributed as a weed in all cultivated regions. Naturalized from Europe. Aug. Oct. {Panicum Crus-galli L. ) 2. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. JUNGLE RICE. (I. F. f. 243a.) Culms tufted, smooth and glabrous, 1.5-7.5 dm. tall, often decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes. Sheaths compressed, usually crowded ; leaves flat, 2.5-17 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide; inflorescence composed of 3-18 I- sided more or less spreading dense racemes, 6-30 mm. long, disposed along a 3-angled rachis and generally somewhat exceeding the length of the internodes; spikelets single, in pairs, or in 3's in 2 rows on one side of the hispidulous, triangular rachis, obovate, pointed, the first scale about one-half as long as the spikelet, 3 -nerved, the second and third scales a little more than 2 mm. long, awnless, 5 -nerved, hispid on the nerves, the fourth scale cuspidate. Fields and roadsides, Va. to Fla., Tex. and Mex. Common in all tropical countries. March-Sept. {Panicum colomim L.) 3. Echinochloa Walteri (Pursh) Nash. SALT-MARSH COCKSPUR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 244.) Culms 9-18 dm. tall, robust, smooth. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, papillose-hispid; leaves 3 dm. or more long, 1.25-2.5 cm. wide, strongly sca- brous above; panicle 1.5-4.5 dm. long, consisting of 10-40 ascending or spreading branches; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, densely crowded in 2-4 rows on one side of the scabrous and hispid rachis, brownish -purple; second and third scales about 3 mm. long, scabrous and hispid, tipped with upwardly barbed awns, sometimes 10-20 times their length; fourth scale ovate -lanceolate, acuminate. In marshes and ditches, principally within the influence of salt-water, Ont. to N. H. and R. I. , Fla. and La. Aug. -Oct. (Panicum Walteri Pursh.) 16. PANICUM L. Annuals or perennials, various in habit, with open or contracted panicles. Spike- lets i-2-flowered, when 2-flowered the lower one staminate only. Scales 4, the 3 lower membranous, empty, or the third with a staminate flower, varying in the same species ; the inner or fourth scale chartaceous, shining, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Awns none. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the hardened fruiting scale and palet. GRAMINEAE. 79 [Old Latin name for some grass, probably the cultivated Sorghum, referring to its panicle, taken from Pliny.] About 300 species, in temperate and tropical regions. The geographic distribution of many of our species is not well ascertained. The old English name Panic or Panic-grass is often applied to any of the species. Palet of the fourth scale much enlarged at maturity, forcing the spikelet open and mak- ing it gape. i. P. hians, Palet of the fourth scale not enlarged, smaller than the scale. Spikelets roughened with numerous tubercles, glabrous. 2. P. verrucosum. Spikelets not tuberculate, or if so, the tubercles bearing hairs. (A) Basal and culm leaves similar, usually elongated; spikelets lanceolate to ovate, commonly the former, acute to acuminate. Lower sheaths round or but little flattened, not keeled. Culms branched, at least at maturity ; no scaly rootstocks nor stolons. Sheaths very pubescent. Spikelets lanceolate, 3 mm. long or less. Annuals; pedicels not usually more than 2-3 times as long as the spikelets. Culms stout ; panicle usually included at the base, its many branches repeatedly divided and bearing nu- merous spikelets. 3. P. capillare. Culms slender ; panicle exserted, its few branches but little divided, and bearing comparatively few spikelets. Spikelets 2 mm. long, acute. 4. P. minus. Spikelets 3 mm. long, acuminate. 5. P. flexile. Perennial; pedicels commonly many times as long as the spikelets. 6. P. cognatum. Spikelets ovate, 5 mm. long. 7. P. miliaceum. Sheaths glabrous. 8. P. proliferum. Culms simple, from stout, often scaly, rootstocks. Culms tufted ; rootstocks scaly. 9. P. virgatum. Culms not tufted ; rootstocks not scaly ; leaves glaucous and very thick. 10. P. amarum. Lower sheaths much compressed, broad, keeled, often equitant. Fourth scale of the spikelet sessile. Spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, the apex curved. 13. P. rostratum. Spikelets less than 3 mm. long, the apex not curved. Ligule naked ; culms finally much branched. 11. P. agrostoides. Ligule ciliate ; culms simple or nearly so. 12. P. longifolium. Fourth scale of the spikelet distinctly stalked. 14, P. stipitatum. (B) Basal and culm leaves dissimilar, the former generally much shorter and broader than the latter ; rosulate tufts of leaves often present in the fall ; spikelets oval to obovate or globose, obtuse, or rarely acutish (acute in No. 15). (A) Middle leaves of the main culm less than 1.5 cm. wide, usually less than i cm. in width, the base rounded or truncate, rarely subcordate, sometimes narrowed toward the base. (a) Leaves elongated, erect, narrow, distinctly narrowed toward the base, especially the lower ones. Secondary panicles borne on short basal branches, which are nearly concealed in the dense tufts. Spikelets less than 3 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, pubescent. 1 6. P. Enslini. Spikelets 3-4 mm. long, acute, glabrous. 15. P. depauperatum. No concealed basal panicles. Sheaths glabrous, or merely ciliate on the margins. Leaves linear, less than 5 mm. wide. 17. P. Werneri. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 6-10 mm. wide. 18. P. Bicknellii. Sheaths densely pubescent. 19. P. laxtflorum. (d) Leaves not elongated, lanceolate, not manifestly narrowed toward the base. 8O FLORA. i. Culms, leaves, and sheaths glabrous or the latter two merely ciliate on the margins. Spikelets glabrous. Nodes of the culm naked. Leaves divaricate ; culms erect, short, the later branches bunched. 23. P. dichotomum. Leaves erect ; culms accumbent, weak, finally elon- gated, and the later branches scattered. 24. P. spjtagnicola. Nodes of the culm densely barbed. 25. P. barbulatum. Spikelets pubescent. Culms very slender, less than 2 dm. tall, densely tufted, simple. 22. P. Brittoni. Culms not slender, 3 dm. or more tall, at length branched. Spikelets elliptic ; leaves smooth above or nearly so, naked at the base. Panicle dense, the branches erect or nearly so; spikelets i. 5 mm. long. 27. P. Eatoni. Panicle loose and open, the branches spreading ; spikelets 2 mm. long. 28. P. boreale. Spikelets globose or nearly so ; leaves very rough above, thick, ciliate at the base. 46. P. spJxzrocarpon. 2. Culms, sheaths or leaves, or all of them, pubescent. * Spikelets 2.5 mm. or less long. f Leaves glabrous, or if pubescent beneath, the hairs short and soft. Primary leaves long and narrow, erect, thick, the numerous secondary leaves very narrow, 1.5 mm. or less wide, usually involute when dry. Spikelets broadly obovoid, barely 2 mm. long. 20. P. neuranthum. Spikelets elliptic, 3 mm. long. 21. P. angustifolium. Primary leaves lanceolate, the secondary leaves flat, lanceolate, ex- ceeding 2 mm. broad. Culms villous with short hairs, at least below. Leaves minutely villous beneath. Culms erect, rigid. 31. P. Columbianum. Culms weak, finally decumbent and forming mats. 32. P. tsugetorum. Leaves glabrous beneath. Spikelets obovoid, i. 5 mm. long. 30. P. Nashianum. Spikelets elliptic, 2.5 mm. long. 49. P. Ashei. Culms not villous. Culms glabrous; spikelets about 1.25 mm. long. 29. P. nitidum. Culms at base densely pubescent with long stiff, ap- pressed hairs; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long. Panicle 3-4 cm. long, oblong, dense ; spikelets 2 mm. long ; leaves naked on the margins. 39. P. Addisonii. Panicle 5-7 cm. long, broadly ovoid, open; spike- lets 2.5 mm. long ; leaves ciliate at the base. 40. P. Commonsianum. ft Leaves pubescent on both surfaces, especially beneath. Hairs on the lower surface short, soft, and copious. Hairs on the upper surface of the leaves long and stiff ; spike- lets about 1.5 mm. long. 37. P. lanuginosum. Hairs on the upper surface of the leaves short, soft, and copious. Spikelets nearly 2 mm. long; panicle dense, oblong; culmS slender, glabrous. 26. P. annulum. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long; panicle open, ovoid ; culms stout; densely pubescent. 38. P. viscidum. Hairs on the lower, as well as the upper, surface stiff and long, sometimes scattered. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long. GRAMINEAE. 8 1 Culms slender ; hairs on the upper surface of the leaves extremely long and copious. Panicle 2-3 cm. long; culms minutely pubescent above. 34. P.filiculme. Panicle 4-6 cm. long ; culms hirsute above, especially in the panicle. 33. P. implicatum. Culms rather stout ; hairs on the upper surface of the leaves shorter and more scattered, sometimes nearly wanting. 35. P. pubescens. Spikelets a little more than 2 mm. long. 36. P. Atlanttcum. ** Spikelets more than 3 mm. long. Leaves glabrous, or sometimes pubescent beneath. Panicle narrow, its branches appressed. 44. P. xanthophysum, Panicle open, its branches spreading. Sheaths glabrous, except the ciliate margins ; spikelets elliptic. 45. P. calliphyllum. Sheaths papillose-hirsute ; spikelets broadly ovoid, turgid. 43. P. Scribnerianum. Leaves pubescent on both surfaces. Leaves erect, rigid, thick, 3-4 mm. wide; spikelets pubescent with short hairs. 41. P. Wilcoxianum. Leaves often spreading, not thick, 5-10 mm. wide; spikelets long- hirsute. 42. P. Liebergii. (B) Middle leaves of the main culm more than 1.5 cm. wide, often 3 cm. in width, the base cordate and clasping. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long or less. Leaves glabrous on both surfaces. Spikelets about 1.5 mm. long; panicle oblong and dense; culms simple. 47. P. polyanthes. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long; panicle ovoid and open ; culms branched. Sheaths papillose-hispid, especially the short terminal ones on the branches. 52. P. clandestinum. Sheaths glabrous. 48. P. commutatum. Leaves densely villous. 38. P. viscidum. Spikelets 3 mm. long or more. Nodes manifestly and copiously barbed ; spikelets 4-5 mm. long. 51. P. Porterianum. Nodes naked. Sheaths glabrous, or merely pubescent on the margins; panicle open, its branches spreading. 50. P. macrocarpon. Sheaths hispid ; panicle contracted, its branches appressed. 44. P. xanthophysum. 1. Panicum hians Ell. GAPING PANICUM. (I. F. f. 247.) Glabrous; culms erect, 3-7.5 dm. tall, generally simple, sometimes creeping at base, smooth. Leaves 7.5-12.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, acuminate, generally erect; panicle 7.5-20 cm. long; branches few, generally spreading, the longer ones often drooping, the lower naked below the middle; spikelets about 2 mm. long; fourth scale exceeded by the third and its usually empty palet which is much enlarged, generally forc- ing the spikelet wide open. In moist ground, N. Car. to Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 2. Panicum verrucosum Muhl. WARTY PANICUM. (I. F. f. 278.) Culms erect or decumbent, slender, generally much branched at base. Sheaths glabrous, much shorter than the internodes; leaves 5-17.5 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, erect or ascending, glabrous, rough on the margins; panicle 7.5-30 cm. long, its lower branches 5-15 cm. long, naked below, strict and ascending, or lax and spreading; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, elliptic, acutish, borne in pairs along the branches, the first scale about one-quarter as long as the warty second and third, the fourth scale apiculate. Moist soil, Mass, to Fla., west to La., mostly near the coast. July-Sept. 3. Panicum capillare L. WITCH-GRASS. TUMBLE WEED. (I. F. f. 274.) Culms erect or decumbent, 3-6 dm. tall, simple or sometimes sparingly branched. Sheaths papillose-hirsute; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 6-16 mm. wide, pubescent; terminal panicle 2-3.5 dm. l n g> lower branches 1.5-2.5 dm, long; lateral pani- 82 FLORA. cles, when present, smaller; spikelets 2-2.5 mm - lon g> acuminate; first scale one- fourth to one- half as long as the spikelet; second and third scales nearly equal, very acute, the fourth 1.5 mm. long. In dry soil, common as a weed in cultivated fields, N. S. to Br. Col., south to Fla., Tex. and Nev. July-Sept. Panicum capill&re Gatting&ri Nash. Culms more slender than in the type; terminal panicle rarely over 1.5 dm. long, the lateral ones very numerous. Moist places, N. J. to Tenn., Mo. and southward. 4. Panicum minus (Muhl.) Nash. WOOD PANICUM. (I. F. f. 277.) Culms erect, or occasionally decumbent, 2-6 dm. long, slender, somewhat branched at base. Sheaths hirsute; leaves 5 10 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, erect, more or less pubescent; panicle 10-22.5 cm. long, its lower branches 7.5-10 cm. long, spread- ing or ascending; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, elliptic, acute, smooth, borne in pairs at the extremities of the ultimate divisions of the panicle; first scale about one-third as long as the equal acute second and third ones, the fourth somewhat shorter than the third. In dry woods and thickets, N. B. to Ga., west to Mo. Aug. -Sept. 5. Panicum flexile (Gattinger) Scribn. WIRY PANICUM. (I. F. f. 275.) Culms erect, 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, slender, bearded at the nodes. Sheaths papillose- hirsute; leaves 10-22.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, erect, long-acuminate, more or less pubescent; panicle 12.25 dm. l n g> narrowly ovoid to oblong in outline, its branches ascending, the lower ones 5-8.5 cm. long; spikelets 3 mm. long, much shorter than the pedicels, acuminate; first scale about one-fourth as long as the spikelet; second and third scales about equal, 5-7 -nerved; fourth scale elliptic, somewhat shorter than the third. In moist or dry soil, Penn. to Tenn. and Mo. Aug. -Oct. 6. Panicum cognatum Schultes. DIFFUSE PANICUM. (I. F. f. 276.) Culms erect or decumbent, 3-6 dm. tall, generally much branched at the base, slender. Lower sheaths sometimes densely pubescent; leaves 3.75-10 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, ascending, acuminate, glabrous; panicle 1.25-3 dm. long, bearded in the axils, the lower branches 1-2 dm. long, finally exserted and widely spreading at maturity; spikelets lanceolate, about 3 mm. long, acuminate, glabrous or pubes- cent, on capillary pedicels of many times their length; first scale minute; second and third equal, acute, glabrous or sometimes villous, the fourth lanceolate, 2.5 mm. long. In dry soil, 111. to Ga. and Fla., west to Minn., Mo. and Ariz. July-Sept. (P. autumnale Bosc.) 7. Panicum miliaceum L. MILLET. (I. F. f. 272.) Culmse rect or decum- bent, rather stout. 3 dm. tall or more, glabrous or hirsute. Sheaths papillose-hir- sute; leaves 1.25-2.5 dm. long, 8-25 mm. wide, more or less pubescent; panicle rather dense, 1-2.5 dm. l n g; branches erect or ascending; spikelets 5 mm. long, acuminate; first scale about two-thirds as long as the spikelet, acuminate, 5-7- nerved; second scale acuminate, 13-nerved, somewhat exceeding the 7-i3-nerved acuminate third one, which subtends an empty palet; fourth scale shorter than the third, becoming indurated, obtuse. In waste places, Me. to Del. and Penn., west to Neb. Adventive from the Old World. July-Sept. 8. Panicum proliferum Lam. SPREADING PANICUM. (I. F. f. 273.) Culms at first erect, 3-6 dm. tall, simple, later decumbent and geniculate, 1-1.5 m * l n g> branched at all the upper nodes. Sheaths loose, glabrous, somewhat flattened ; leaves 1.5-6 dm. long, 4-20 mm. wide, long-acuminate, scabrous on the margins and occasionally on the nerves; panicle pyramidal, 1-4 dm. long; spikelets 2-3 mm. long, crowded, lanceolate, acute, glabrous, sometimes purplish; first scale about one-fourth as long as the spikelet, enclosing its base; second and third scales about equal, acute, 5-7 -nerved; fourth scale elliptic, shining. In wet soil, Me. to Penn. and Neb., south to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 9. Panicum virgatum L. TALL SMOOTH PANICUM. (I. F. f. 270.) Culms erect from a creeping rootstock, 9-15 dm. tall, glabrous. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves elongated, 3 dm. long or more, 6-12 mm. wide, flat, long-acumi- nate, narrowed toward the base, glabrous, rough on the margins; panicle 1.5-5 dm. long, the lower branches 1-2.5 dm. long, more or less widely spreading or sometimes nearly erect; spikelets ovate, acuminate, 4-4.5 mm. long; first scale _ GRAMINEAE. 83 acuminate, about one-half as long as the spikelet, 3-5 -nerved; second scale gen- erally longer than the others, 5~7-nerved, the third similar and usually subtending a palet and stamina te flower. In moist or dry soil, Me. and Ont. to Minn., south to Fla., Kans. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. ** '*? 10. Panicum amarum Ell. SEA-BEACH PANICUM. (I. F. f. 271.) Smooth and glabrous, glaucous; culms arising from long branching rootstocks, 3-9 dm. tall, de- cumbent. Sheaths overlapping; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, long-acumi- nate, thick and leathery, involute on the margins, at least toward the apex, the uppermost leaf generally exceeding the panicle; panicle linear, less than 3 dm. long, its branches erect; spikelets 5-6 mm. long; first, second, and third scales acuminate, the first one-half to two-thirds as long as the spikelet, the third some- what longer than the second, usually with a palet and staminate flower, the fourth elliptic. On sea beaches, N. H. to Fla. Sept.-Nov. 11. Panicum agrostoides Spreng. AGROSTIS-LIKE PANICUM. (I. F. f. 249.) Culms erect, 4.5-6 dm. tall, much branched, compressed, smooth. Sheaths com- pressed, glabrous, or sometimes hairy at the throat; ligule very short, naked; leaves 3 dm. long or more, 4-8 mm. wide, acuminate; panicles pyramidal, 1-3 dm. long, terminating the culm and branches; primary branches of the panicle spreading, secondary generally appressed; spikelets 1.5 mm. long, acute, straight; first scale 3 -nerved, acute; second and third scales 5 -nerved, about twice as long as the first and longer than the oval fourth scale. Wet ground, Me. to Minn., south to Fla., Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 12. Panicum longifolium Torr. LONG-LEAVED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 251.) Culms erect, 3-6 dm. tall, slender, simple, or occasionally with a single lateral panicle. Leaves 2-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, acuminate into a long, slender point, rough, glabrous; ligule short, pilose; panicles 1.25-2.25 dm. long; primary branches long and slender, spreading, secondary very short, appressed, generally bearing 1-3 spikelets; spikelets 2 mm. long, acuminate; first scale acute, about one-half as long as the acuminate second one; third scale equalling the second, acuminate, one-third longer than the elliptic obtuse fourth one. Moist soil, Conn, to Penn. and D. C. Aug-Sept. 13. Panicum rostratum Muhl. BEAKED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 248.) Culms erect from a creeping scaly branched rootstock, 4.5-15 dm. tall, much branched. Sheaths glabrous, or the lower ones pubescent; leaves 3 dm. long or more, 4-10 mm. wide, acuminate; panicles pyramidal, 1.53 dm. long; axis and ascending branches scabrous; spikelets 3 mm. long, crowded, lanceolate, acuminate; first scale less than one-half as long as the spikelet; second scale curved at the apex, scabrous above on the middle nerve; third scale usually subtending a small empty palet. Moist soil, N. J- to 111. and Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 14. Panicum stipitatum Nash. LONG PANICUM. (I. F. {. 250.) Culms erect, 9-15 dm. tall, much branched. Leaves 3 dm. long or more, 4-8 mm. wide, acuminate, scabrous; panicles pyramidal, 1-3 dm. long; primary branches spread- ing or ascending, the secondary usually divaricate; spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, crowded, acuminate; first scale acute or acuminate, one-third the length of the equal and acuminate second and third; fourth scale narrowly elliptic, about one- half as long as the third and raised on a delicate stalk about 0.5 mm. long. Moist soil, N. J. and Penn. to Ky., Tenn. and N. Car, July Sept. (P. elongatiim Pursh. Not Salisb. 1796.) 15. Panicum depauperatum Muhl. STARVED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 268.) Culms erect, 3 dm. tall or less, simple or branched at base. Sheaths glabrous to hirsute; leaves erect, elongated, 1-4 mm. wide, mostly crowded at base and equal- ling or one-half as long as the culm, the upper culm-leaf often much exceeding the panicle; primary panicle generally much exserted from the upper sheath, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, usually linear, its branches mostly erect; secondary panicles on very short basal branches and often concealed by the lower leaves ; spikelets 3- 4 mm. long, glabrous, acute. In dry places N. S. to Manitoba, south to Fla. and Tex. June-Sept. 16. Panicum Enslini Trin. LINEAR-LEAVED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 268a.) Culms tufted, very slender, erect, smooth and glabrous, simple, 1.5-4 dm. tall. Sheaths glabrous or pilose with long white hairs; leaves elongated, glabrous or more or less pilose, especially upon the lower surface, 7.5-25 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 84 FLORA. wide, the uppermost leaf the longest, and often extending beyond the panicle; pri- mary panicle loose and open, 3.75-10 cm. long, its branches ascending; spikelets 2-2.5 mm - l n g> obtuse or acutish, pubescent with spreading hairs. Dry soil, es- pecially hillsides, N. Y. and N. J. to Mo. (P. linear if olitim Scribn.) 17. Panicum Werneri Scribn. WERNER'S PANICUM. (I. F. f. 268b.) Smooth and glabrous, light green. Culms tufted, erect, slender, simple or later sparingly branched, 2.5-4.5 dm. tall; leaves erect, elongated, linear, acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, panicle loose and open, 6.2-8.7 cm - l n g i ts branches as- cending; spikelets about 2 mm. long on longer hispidulous pedicels, oval, minutely and sparsely pubescent, the first scale orbicular, about one-quarter as long as the spikelet, I -nerved, the second and third scales 7-nerved, the fourth scale oval, slightly apiculate. Dry knolls in swamps, N. Y. and Ohio. June-July. 1 8. Panicum Bickneflii Nash. BICKNELL'S PANICUM. (I. F. f. 268c.) Culms erect or decumbent at the base, slender, 24 dm. tall, the lower internodes puberulent. Sheaths ciliate on the margins, the lowermost pubescent; leaves elongated, erect, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed toward the ciliate base, primary leaves 7.5-17.5 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide; primary panicle 6-7.5 cm - l n g its branches ascending, secondary panicles smaller, with appressed branches ; spike- lets obovate or oval, 2.5-3 mm. long, pubescent with short, spreading hairs, the first scale I -nerved, the second and third scales Q-nerved. Dry wooded hills, N. Y. and Penn. July-Aug. 19. Panicum laxiflorum Lam. LAX-FLOWERED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 262.) Culms erect, 2-4 dm. tall, simple, pubescent, or glabrate. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, hirsute; leaves 6.25-12.5 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, erect, generally narrowed at base, long-acuminate, pubescent or glabrate; panicle 5-10 cm. long, its axis and erect or spreading branches sometimes hirsute; spikelets about 2 mm. long, ellipsoid or narrowly obovoid, strongly pubescent; first scale minute, i-nerved; second and third about equal, g-nerved, very pubescent, as long as the shining, obtuse, minutely apiculate fourth one; third scale usually with an empty palet. Moist soil, Va. to Ky., south to Fla. June-Aug. 20. Panicum neuranthum Griseb. NERVED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 26Qa.) Culms tufted, slender, at length much branched, 3-7.5 dm. tall. Sheaths gla- brous, or the lower pubescent; leaves smooth and glabrous, the primary erect, acuminate, 2.5-10 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, those on the branches shorter, erect or ascending, usually involute when dry, concealing the small secondary panicles; primary panicle 2.5-10 cm. long, its branches at first erect, at length widely spreading; spikelets numerous, broadly obovate, about 2 mm. long, densely pubes- cent with short, spreading hairs, the second and third scales 7-nerved. Dry or moist soil along the coast, Va. to Fla. and La. Also in Cuba. June-Oct. 21. Panicum angustifolium Ell. NARROW-LEAVED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 269.) Culms erect, 3-6 dm. tall, glabrous, at first simple, later profusely branched above. Leaves elongated, 2-6 mm. wide, narrowed to the base, firm, glabrous, those of the culm distant, those of the branches shorter and crowded; primary panicle long-exserted, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, its branches ascending or erect; lateral panicles smaller, shorter than the leaves; spikelets few, about 2.5 mm. long, elliptic to obovoid; first scale one-fourth to one-third as long as the spikelet; second and third oval, Q-nerved, pubescent; fourth oval, minutely pubescent at the apex. Dry soil, N. Car. to Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. 22 Panicum Brlttoni Nash. BRITTON'S PANICUM. (I. F. f. 263a.) Smooth and glabrous. Culms coarsely striate, not branched, tufted, slender, erect, ri^id, 1-2 dm. tall; leaves longer than the sheaths, those on the culm three in number, the middle one the longest, 1.25-3.1 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, erect, acuminate, 5~7-nerved; panicle 1.8-3.1 cm. long, its branches spreading or ascending; spike- lets one-half as long as the pedicels or less, obovoid, obtuse, 1.5 mm. long, the first scale one-third as long as the spikelet, the second and third scales 7-nerved, densely pubescent with spreading hairs. Moist sand in the pine barrens of southern N. J. May-June. 23. Panicum dichotomum L. FORKED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 264.) Smooth and glabrous, or the lower nodes barbed. Culms erect, 1.5-6 dm. tall, at first simple, later profusely dichotomously branched at about the middle. Leaves light green, widely spreading, generally much narrowed toward the base, the primary GRA MINE A E. 85 ones distant, 5-7.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, those of the branches 2.5 cm. long or less, 12 mm. wide, sometimes involute; primary panicle usually long-exserted, 2.5-5 cm. long; branches lax, spreading, bearing few spikelets; secondary pani- cles smaller, not exceeding the leaves, their branches with very few spikelets; spikelets about 2 mm. long, ellipsoid, glabrous. In woodlands and thickets, N. Y. to Ky., Mo. and southward. June-July. 24. Panicum sphagnicola Nash. SPHAGNUM PANICUM. (I. F. f. 264b.) Culms slender, 4.5-9 dm. long, at length much elongated, dichotomously much branched and declining. Leaves erect, smooth and glabrous on both surfaces, lanceolate, the primary leaves 2.5-6.25 cm. long, 2-10 mm. wide, those on the branches 3.75 cm. or less long; primary panicle loose and open, 3.75-7.5 cm. long, its branches spreading or ascending; spikelets on elongated filiform pedicels, 1.75-2.5 mm. long, oval to obovoid, the scales glabrous or sparsely pubescent, the first less than one-half as long as the spikelet, I -nerved, the second and third scales 7 -nerved. Sphagnum bogs, D. C. and southern N. J. to Fla., west to Tex. June- Sept. 25. Panicum barbulatum Michx. BARBED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 265.) Culms at first simple, erect, 6-9 dm. tall, later profusely branched for their whole length, 912 dm. long, prostrate or leaning, the nodes strongly barbed. Leaves smooth and glabrous, the primary ones 7.5-12.5 cm. long, about 1.25 cm. wide, widely spreading, the lower ones usually reflexed, those of the branches 1.25-5 cm - l n g> 2-4 mm. wide; primary panicle 7.5-12.5 cm. long, ovoid, its branches ascending, rigid; secondary panicles smaller, lax, the branches bearing few spikelets; spike- lets about 1.5 mm. long, ellipsoid, purple, glabrous. Moist soil, Conn, and N. Y. to Tenn., south to Fla. and Tex. June- Aug. 26. Panicum annul um Ashe. Culms single, sometimes somewhat tufted, slender, 4-8 dm. tall, glabrous, the nodes densely barbed with long hairs. Sheaths, especially the lower ones, pubescent ; leaves softly and densely pubescent on both surfaces, spreading; panicle oblong, dense, 5-11 cm. long; spikelets nearly 2 mm. long, elliptic, pubescent. In dry rocky woods, Md. (according to Ashe) to Ga. June-July. 27. Panicum Eatoni Nash. EATON'S PANICUM. (I. F. f. 267^) Smooth and glabrous. Culms 4.5-10.5 dm. tall, erect, at length dichotomously branched and swollen at the nodes; leaves erect, lanceolate, acuminate, 3.75-10 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide; panicle finally long-exserted, dense and contracted, 7.5-12.5 cm. long, 3.2 cm. or less broad, its branches erect-ascending ; spikelets oval, about 1.5 mm. long, acutish, the first scale I -nerved, the second and third scales 7 -nerved, densely pubescent with spreading hairs. Along the coast, in damp or wet places., Me. to N. J. May-Aug. 28. Panicum boreale Nash. NORTHERN PANICUM. (I. F. f. 261.) Culms at first erect and simple, 3-6 dm. tall, later decumbent and somewhat branched, smooth and glabrous. Leaves 7.5-12.5 cm. long, 6-13 mm. wide, erect, sparsely ciliate at the base, acuminate; panicle 5-10 cm. long, ovoid, its branches 2.5-5 cm. long, spreading or ascending ; spikelets 2 mm. long, about equalling the pedicels, ellipsoid, somewhat pubescent; first scale ovate, obtuse; second and third scales oblong-ovate, 7-nerved, pubescent, equalling the fourth, which is oval, acute, and slightly more than 1.5 mm. long. Moist soil, Newf. and Ont. to N. Y., Vt. and Minn. June-Aug. 29. Panicum nitidum Lam. SHINING PANICUM. (I. F. f. 263.) Culms at first simple, 3-4.5 dm. tall, later profusely dichotomously branched, 69 dm. long. Sheaths glabrous to pubescent; leaves glabrous, the primary ones 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, erect, those of the branches 1.25-2.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less; primary panicle long-exserted, 2.5-5 cm - l n g> ovoid, those of the branches smaller; spikelets about I mm. long, obovoid, pubescent, usually purple; second and third scales broadly oval or orbicular, 7-nerved. Common in dry sandy soil, N. E. to N. Car. June-Aug. 30. Panicum Nashianum Scribn. NASH'S PANICUM. (I. F. f. 264a.) Culms tufted, glabrous or puberulent, slender, 1.5-3.75 dm. tall, at length much branched. Leaves erect or ascending, lanceolate, acuminate, smooth and glabrous, ciliate, at least at the base, 1.8-5 cm - l n g> 2 ~5 mm - wide, the leaves of the branches smaller: primary panicle 2.5-5 cm - lon g tne branches widely spreading; spikelets about 2 86 FLORA. mm. long, obovate, the second and third scales 7-nerved, densely pubescent with short, spreading hairs. Pine lands, Va. to Fla. March-July. 31. Panicum Columbianum Scribn. (I. F. f. 26;b.) Culms tufted, erect, softly pubescent, 2-6 dm. tall, at length dichotomously branched, the branches erect. Lower sheaths pubescent, the upper glabrous; leaves lanceolate, erect, thickish and firm, glabrous above, the lower ones more or less pubescent beneath, the primary 3.75-5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, those on the branches smaller; pan- icle small, ovate, 2.5-3.75 cm. long, its branches ascending; spikelets broadly obovoid, a little more than 1.5 mm. long, the outer 3 scales densely pubescent with spreading hairs. Fields and open woods, Mass, to N. Car., west to Tenn. and Ala. June-Sept. 32. Panicum tsugetorum Nash. HEMLOCK PANICUM. (I. F. f. 267d.) Culms and sheaths pubescent with short appressed or ascending hairs intermixed to- ward the base with longer ones. Culms tufted, 4.5 dm. or less tall, at length much branched and decumbent or prostrate; leaves erect or ascending, firm, lanceolate, minutely appressed-pubescent beneath, smooth and glabrous above, the primary leaves 3-75~7-5 cm. long, 58 mm. wide, those on the branches smaller; primary panicles broadly ovoid, 3.75-6.25 cm. long, the branches spreading-ascending'; spikelets broadly obovoid, about 1.75 mm. long, the outer 3 scales pubescent, with short spreading hairs. Dry soil in hemlock woods, Conn, and N. Y. to Ohio. 33. Panicum implicatum Scribn. HAIRY-PANICLED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 267a.) Culms tufted, erect, 2.5-4.5 dm. tall, very slender, more or less pubescent, at length much branched. Sheaths densely papillose-hirsute, at least the lower ones; leaves erect, lanceolate. 1.25-5 cm - l n g? 2 ~6 mm. wide, at least the lower ones papillose-hirsute on both surfaces, especially beneath; panicle open, ovate, 2.5-6.25 cm. long, its branches widely spreading; spikelets broadly obovoid. obtuse, purplish, about 1.5 mm. long, the outer 3 scales pubescent with short, spreading hairs, the first scale nearly one-half as long as the spikelet, broadly ovate, obtuse. Dry soil, Me. to Conn., N. Y. and N. J. 34. Panicum filiculme Ashe. Culms densely tufted, slender, finally much branched, 2-3 dm. tall, minutely pubescent above. Sheaths hirsute with strongly very long hairs; leaves erect, the primary ones 1.53 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, papillose-pubescent on both surfaces or sometimes glabrous beneath, the hairs on the upper surface exceedingly long and copious; primary panicle long-exserted, 2-3 cm. long; spikelets broadly obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, pubescent. In dry soil, N. J. to Ga. June- Aug. 35. Panicum pubescens Lam. HAIRY PANICUM. (I. F. f. 267.) Culms at first erect and simple, later profusely branched and leaning or ascending, glabrous or pubescent. Sheaths hirsute, often papillose; leaves more or less hirsute, espe- cially beneath, generally more or less spreading, those of the culm 5-7.5 cm. long, those of the branches much shorter; primary panicles less than 7. 5 cm. long, ovoid, their branches ascending ; lateral panicles much smaller; spikelets hardly 2 mm. long, pubescent. In dry soil, common. Me. and Quebec to Br. Col., south to Ga., Ind. Terr, and Ariz. June -Aug. 36. Panicum Atlanticum Nash. ATLANTIC PANICUM. (I. F. f. 267f.) Papillose-hirsute with long, white, spreading hairs. Culms tufted, at length branched, 3-5 dm. tall, erect or ascending, a smooth ring below the nodes which are barbed with spreading hairs; leaves erect, rigid, thickish, linear-lanceolate, 3.75-10 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, middle leaves the longest; panicle 3.75-6.25 cm. long, 36 cm. wide; spikelets numerous, obovoid, a little over 2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, obtuse, the outer 3 scales densely pubescent with short spreading hairs. Dry soil, N. Y. to Ohio and Va. June-Aug. 37. Panicum lunuginosum Ell. WOOLLY PANICUM. (I. F. f. 266a.) Culms, sheaths and leaves villous with spreading hairs, those on the leaves and the upper part of the culm shorter. Culms leafy, tufted, 3-7.5 dm. tall, erect, at length branched, a smooth ring below each barbed node; leaves erect, lanceolate, 3.75-12.5 cm. long, 4-9 mm. broad; panicle ovoid, 3.75-10 cm. long, the axis pubescent, the branches ascending, the larger 2.5-5 cm - l n g; spikelets numerous, broadly obo- void, about 1.75 mm. long, the first scale orbicular, the second and third scales nearly orbicular, densely pubescent with spreading hairs. Dry sandy soil, south- ern N. J. to Fla. and Ala. GRAMINEAE. 8/ 38. Panicum viscidum Ell. VELVETY PANICUM. (I. F. f. 266.) Culms erect, 6-12 dm. tall, simple, or at length much branched above, villous. Sheaths villous; leaves softly pubescent, those of the culm 10-17.5 cm. long, 10-16 mm. wide, distant, those of the branches 2.5-6.25 cm. long, 410 mm. wide, crowded; primary panicles 7.5-15 cm. long, ovoid, branches ascending; secondary panicles much smaller; spikelets ovoid to oval, about 2.5 mm. long, pubescent; fourth scale oval, apiculate, 2 mm. long. Moist soil, N. J. to Ind. and the Ind. Terr., south to Fla. and Tex. Not viscid. June-Aug. 39. Panicum Addisonii Nash. RIGID PANICUM. (I. F. f. 2676.) Culms 2.5-3.75 dm. tall, rigid, tufted, erect, or decumbent at the base, at length much branched, the branches erect, pubescent with long, nearly appressed hairs. Sheaths appressed-pubescent, at least the lower ones; leaves erect, lanceolate, thickish, smooth and glabrous on both surfaces, acuminate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; panicle ovoid to oblong, 1.8-5.6 cm. long, its branches spreading or ascend- ing; spikelets obovoid, 2mm. long; second and third scales densely pubescent with long, spreading hairs. Sandy soil, southern N. J. May-June. 40. Panicum Commonsianum Ashe, COMMONS' PANICUM. Culms tufted, erect, 2.5-5 dm. tall, densely appressed-hirsute below and puberulent above, or rarely somewhat hirsute. Sheaths, especially the lower ones, appressed-hirsute; leaves erect or nearly so, firm, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate toward the base, 4-10 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; panicle open. 5-7 cm. long, broadly ovate, its branches spreading; spikelets 2.5 mm. long, obovate, pubescent. On dry, sandy ridges along the coast. Del. to N. Car. June July. 41. Panicum Wilcoxianum Vasey. WILCOX'S PANICUM. (I. F. f. 260.) Culms erect, 1.5-2.5 dm. tall, sparingly pubescent. Sheaths papillose-pubescent; leaves 3.75-7.5 cm. long, less than 4 mm. wide, long-acuminate, strongly pubes- cent with long hairs; panicle about 3.75 cm. long, oblong to ovoid, compact; branches less than 2.5 cm. long, ascending, flexuous; spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, ellipsoid; first scale about one-quarter as long as the spikelet; second and third scales about equal, pubescent; fourth scale about as long as the third, obtuse. In dry soil, Neb. (and Kans. ?). July-Aug. 42. Panicum Liebergii (Vasey) Scribn. LIEBERG'S PANICUM. (I. F. f. 25ga.) Culms erect, slender, glabrous, roughish, especially near the nodes. 3-6 dm. tall, at length branched. Sheaths papillose-hirsute with spreading hairs; leaves erect or ascending, lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, acuminate at the apex, papillose-hispid beneath and sometimes sparingly so on the rough upper surface; panicle oblong, 510 cm. long, its branches erect or ascending; spikelets 34 mm. long, oval, the outer three scales papillose-hirsute with long, spreading hairs. Dry soil, Ohio to Minn, and S. Dak., south to Mo. and Neb. June-July. 43. Panicum Scribnerianum Nash. SCRIBNER'S PANICUM. (I. F. f. 259.) Culms erect, 1.56 dm. tall, simple, or late in the season dichotomously branched above, sparingly pubescent. Sheaths strongly papillose-hispid; leaves 5-10 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, more or less spreading, smooth above, scabrous beneath; panicles small, the primary one ovoid, 3.75-7.5 cm. long, the secondary ones much smaller and more or less included; branches of the primary panicle spreading. 1.6-3.7 cm. long, often flexuous; spikelets turgid, obovoid, about 3 mm. long. In dry or moist soil, Me. and Ont. to Minn., south to Va., Kans. and Ariz. June-Aug. 44. Panicum xanthophysum A. Gray. SLENDER PANICUM. (I. F. f. 258.) Culms erect, 3-6 dm. tall, simple. Sheaths sparingly papillose-hirsute; leaves 7.5-15 cm. long, 8-i8 mm. wide, long-acuminate, erect, smooth and glabrous; pan- icle long-exserted, linear, 3.75-10 cm. long, its branches appressed; spikelets few, about 3 mm. long, obovoid, pubescent or glabrate; first scale about one-half as long as the nearly equal obtuse second and third; fourth scale indurated and shining, elliptic or oval. Dry soil, Me. and Ont. to Manitoba, south to N. J. and Perm. Plant light green, becoming yellowish in drying. June Aug. 45. Panicum calliphyllum Ashe. Plant yellowish -green. Culms single or a little tufted, simple. 4-5 dm. tall, minutely pubescent; sheaths glabrous, excepting the ciliate margins; leaves ascending, 9-11 cm. long, 912 mm. wide, lanceo- late, smooth and glabrous, ciliate at the base; panicle 6-9 cm. long, its ascending scabrous branches 3-4 cm. long; spikelets few, 3 mm. long, elliptic, pubescent. In dry soil, central N. Y. June-Aug. 88 FLORA. 46. Panicum sphaerpcarpon Ell. ROUND-FRUITED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 252.) Culms generally erect, simple or somewhat branched at base, 2.5-6 dm. tall, smooth, or the nodes sometimes pubescent. Sheaths usually shorter than the inter- nodes, glabrous, the margins ciliate; leaves 5-10 cm. long, 4-14 mm. wide, acu- minate, scabrous above, smooth beneath, the margins cartillaginous and minutely serrulate, ciliate towards the base; panicle ovoid, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets less than 2 mm. long, nearly spherical or somewhat longer than thick, obtuse, purple ; first scale broadly ovate, obtuse. Dry soil, southern Ont., N. Y. and Mo. to Fla., Tex. and Mex. July-Sept. 47. Panicum polyanthes Schult SMALL-FRUITED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 253.) Culms generally erect, 6-9 dm. tall, simple, smooth. Sheaths smooth, glabrous, longer than the internodes; ligule none; leaves 1.25-2 dm. long, 1.25-2.5 cm, wide, long-acuminate, smooth, cordate-clasping and sparingly ciliate at the base ; panicle 7.5-20 cm. long, ovoid to oblong in outline; branches slender, ascending; spikelets 1.5 mm. long, obovoid to nearly spherical, numerous; first scale minute, second and third about equal. 7-nerved, puberulent, the fourth white and shining. Woods and along thickets, southern N. Y. to Penn. and Mich., south to Fla., La., Neb, and Tex. July-Sept. (P. microcarpon Muhl.) 48. Panicum commutatum Schultes. VARIABLE PANICUM. (I. F. f. 255.) Culms erect, 3-8 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so, simple, finally dichotomously branched above. Sheaths glabrous or puberulent, generally ciliate on the margins; primary leaves 7-11 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, sparingly ciliate at the base, gla- brous, those of the branches generally broader and more crowded than those of the main stem; panicle 7-12.5 cm. long, the branches spreading; spikelets 2.5 mm. long, elliptic; second and third scales equal, 7-nerved, pubescent. In dry woods and thickets, N. Y. to Ky., south to Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. 49. Panicum Ashei G. Pearson. ASHE'S PANICUM. Culms tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, finally sparingly branched, minutely pubescent. Sheaths glabrous or minutely pubescent, ciliate on the margins; leaves distant on the main culm, in the branched state crowded at the end of the few branches, spreading or ascending, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate at the base, those on the main culm 4-7 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, those on the branches smaller ; panicle 4-6 cm. long, open, its branches ascending; spikelets about 2.5 mm. long and about I mm. broad, elliptic, obtusish, more or less pubescent with spreading hairs. In dry woods, N. Y. to Tenn. and Ga. ; also in Mo. July-Sept. 50. Panicum macrocarpon Le Conte. LARGE-FRUITED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 256.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple or somewhat branched above, smooth, the nodes, at least the upper ones, naked. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, ciliate; leaves 7.5-17.5 cm. long, 1.8-3.7 cm. wide, cordate-clasping at base, acuminate, smooth and glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces, ciliate; panicles 7.5-15 cm. long, generally long -exser ted, rarely included, its branches more or less ascending; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, turgid, oval to obovoid; second and third scales broadly oval, obtuse, g-nerved, pubescent. Usually on dry hillsides, N. H. to N. Car., west to Iowa and Kans. July-Aug. 51. Panicum Porterianum Nash. PORTER'S PANICUM. (I. F. f. 254.) Culms erect, 3-6 dm. tall, simple or somewhat dichotomously branched above, the nodes densely barbed. Sheaths generally softly pubescent ; leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 1.25-3.7 cm. wide, cordate-clasping at base, acute, gla- brous, at least below; panicle included or somewhat exserted. the branches spread- ing or ascending, bearing few elliptic short-pedicelled appressed spikelets 4-5 mm. long; first scale one-third to one -ha If as long as the pubescent and equal second and third ones; fourth scale about as long as the third. In woods, Me. and Ont. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. 52. Panicum clandestinum L. HISPID PANICUM. (I. F. f. 257.) Culms erect or ascending, 4.5-12 dm. tall, rather stout, simple at first, much branched later in the season. Sheaths longer than the internodes, much crowded on the branches, papillose-hispid, especially the upper ones ; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 1.2-3.7 cm. wide, cordate-clasping at base, acuminate, smooth and glabrous, the margins ciliate at base; primary panicle sometimes long-exserted ; panicles of the branches included in the sheaths, rarely slightly exserted; spikelets 2-2.5 mm - l n g- ellip- soid. In thickets, Quebec to Mich^, south to Ga., Mo. and Tex. June-July. GRAMINEAR. 89 17. SACCOLEPIS Nash, n. gen. A perennial grass with flat leaves and a terminal contracted panicle. Spikelets numerous, readily deciduous when mature, I -flowered, articulated to the pedicel below the empty scales. Scales 4, the outer 3 membranous, the first scale small, the second one much larger than the rest, many-nerved, strongly saccate at the base ; fourth scale much shorter than the third, chartaceous, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. [Greek, in reference to the large saccate second scale of the spikelet.] Species I, native of the southern U. S. Also in Cuba. I. Saccolepis gibba (Ell.) Nash. (I. F. f. 279.) Culms erect from a creep- ing base, 6-18 dm. long, dichotomously branched below. Lower sheaths densely hirsute, the upper generally glabrous; leaves 7.5-17.5 cm. long, 4-20 mm. wide, usually spreading, more or less pubescent; panicle 7.5-22.5 cm. long, dense and contracted; branches 1.2-2.5 cm - l n g' erect; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, elliptic, somewhat acute; first scale about one-quarter as long as the spikelet; second scale gibbous at base H-nerved; third scale about equalling the second, 7-nerved, empty, the fourth one shorter than the second. Swamps, Va. to Tenn., south to Fla. and La. Also in Cuba. July-Sept. 18. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. (Setaria Beauv. 1812. Not Ach., 1798.) Mostly annual grasses with erect culms and flat leaves, the inflorescence in spike-like clusters. Spikelets i-flowered, or rarely with a. second staminate flower, the basal bristles single or in clusters below the articulation of the rachilla. and therefore persistent. Scales of the spikelet 4. the three outer membranous, the third often subtending a palet and rarely a staminate flower: the inner or fourth scale chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, in reference to the bristles of the inflorescence. ] Species about 20, in tem- perate and tropical regions. Bristles downwardly barbed. i. C. verticillata. Bristles upwardly barbed. Spike-like inflorescence racemose ; second scale much shorter than the spikelet. Annual ; spikelets exceeding 3 mm. long ; upper surface of the lower leaves hirsute. 2. C. glauca. Perennials ; spikelets less than 3 mm. long ; leaves glabrous. Culms tufted ; spikelets nearly 3 mm. long, the second scale usually 5- nerved. 3. C. occidentals. Culms not tufted ; spikelets 2.5 mm. long, the second scale usually 3-nerved, the fourth scale purple, at least at the tip. 4. C. versicolor. Spike-like inflorescence paniculate, sometimes nearly racemose in some forms of No. 5 ; second scale as long as the spikelet or nearly so. Flowering scales dull, faintly rugose, obtuse, rather thin in fruit. Inflorescence 2.5-8.5 cm. long, 1.25 cm. or less thick; spikelets about 2 mm. long ; bristles green. 5. C, viridis. Inflorescence 1-2 dm. long, 1.25-5 cm - thick; spikelets about 3 mm. long; bristles usually purple. 6. C. ftaitca. Flowering scales shining, perfectly smooth, very acute, hard in fruit. 7. C. magna. 1. Chaetochloa verticillata (L.) Scribn. FOX-TAIL GRASS. (I. F. f. 280.) Culms erect or decumbent, 3-6 dm. tall. Sheaths glabrous; leaves 5-20 cm. long, scabrous above; spikes 5-7.5 cm. long; spikelets about 2 mm. long, equalled or exceeded by the downwardly barbed bristles; first scale less than one-half as long as the spikelet, i-nerved; second and third scales 5-7 -nerved, equalling the oval fourth one. About dwellings and in waste places. N. S. and Ont. to N. J., Ky. and Neb. Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept. 2. Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Scribn. YELLOW FOX-TAIL. PIGEON GRASS. (I. F. f. 281.) Culms 3-12 dm. tall. Sheaths glabrous; leaves 5-15 cm. long, pilose above near the base; spikes 2.5-10 cm. long; spikelets 3 mm. long, much shorter than the bristles; fir?t scale i-3-nerved, somewhat shorter than the 5-nerved second; third scale 5-nerved, equalling the fourth, which is V-shaped in cross-sec- tion, about twice as long as the second. In waste places and cultivated grounds, 90 FLORA. throughout N. Am., except the extreme north. Often a troublesome weed. Na- turalized from Europe. July-Sept. 3. Chaetochloa occidentalis Nash, . sp. WESTERN FOX-TAIL GRASS. Culms tufted, from a branching rootstock, 3-8 dm. tall. Sheaths compressed, keeled, smooth and glabrous; leaves erect, firm, 1.6 dm. or less long, 5~7 rnm. wide, gla- brous; spike-like racemes 3-5 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick, the bristles green; spike- lets a little less than 3 mm. long, the first scale about one-half as long as the spike- let, 3-nerved, the second scale a little longer, 3-5 -nerved, the fourth scale strongly transverse-rugose, elliptic. In meadows, Kans. and Ind. Terr. July. 4. Chaetochloa versicolor Bicknell. SEACOAST FOX-TAIL GRASS. Perennial. Culms 6-12 dm. long, ascending; sheaths smooth and glabrous, compressed and keeled; leaves long and narrow, 1-3.5 dm. l n g> 2 ~6 mm. wide, pale green or glau- cous, smooth or nearly so; spike-like panicle long-exserted, rather slender, 2.5-7 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. thick; spike lets usually single, about 2.5 mm. long and 1.25 mm. wide, the first scale ovate, 3-nerved, about one-half as long as the spike- let, the second scale acute, 3-nerved, the third scale 5 -nerved, the fourth scale rather pointed, purple -tipped; bristles in two nearly equal clusters of 5 each, very slender, 6-10 mm. long. Borders of salt and brackish marshes. Conn, to Fla. 5. Chaetochloa vfridis (L.) Scribn. GREEN FOX-TAIL GRASS. (I. F. f. 282.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall. Sheaths glabrous; leaves 7.5-25 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide; spikes compound, 2.5-10 cm. long; spikelets about 2 mm. long, elliptic, much shorter than the green, or sometimes yellowish, bristles; first scale less than one-half as long as the spikelet, 1-3 -nerved; second and third scales 5 -nerved; fourth scale equalling or slightly exceeding the second. In waste places and cultivated grounds through- out N. Am., except the extreme north, and often a troublesome weed. Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept 6. Chaetochloa Italica (L.) Scribn. ITALIAN MILLET. HUNGARIAN GRASS. (I. F. f. 283.) Culms 6-18 dm. tall. Sheaths smooth or scabrous ; leaves 1.53 dm. or more in length, 6-36 mm. wide, generally scabrous; spikes 1-2.25 dm. long, 1.255 cm. thick, usually very compound ; spikelets about 3 mm. long, el- liptic, equalled or exceeded by the purplish bristles ; first scale less than one-half as long as the spikelet, 1-3 -nerved; second and third 5-7 -nerved, fourth scale equal- ling or somewhat exceeding the second. In waste places, escaped from cultivation, Quebec to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. Native of the Old World. July-Sept. 7. Chaetochloa magna (Griseb.) Scribn. GIANT FOX-TAIL GRASS. Culms 1.5-5 m - t a ^> stout. Sheaths densely hirsute on the margins, otherwise glabrous; leaves 8 dm. or less long, 2-4 cm. wide, very rough on both surfaces ; panicle 2-6 dm. long, 3-6 cm. thick, nodding above; spikelets 2 mm. long, the first scale about one-half as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved, the second scale as long as the spikelet, 7 -nerved, the fourth scale oval, very acute, smooth and shining. In swamps, Del. (according to Scribner) to Fla. and Tex. July-Aug. 19. CENCHRUS L. Annual or perennial grasses, with usually flat leaves. Inflorescence spike- like. Spikelets subtended by a spiny involucre which is deciduous with them at maturity. Scales 4; the first hyaline; the second and third membranous, the latter sometimes having a palet and staminate flower in its axil ; the fourth chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar structure which encloses a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles united below. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Ancient Greek name for some grass, probably Millet.] About 12 species, in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in the southern parts of N. Am. i. Cenchrus tribuloides L. BUR GRASS. HEDGEHOG GRASS. (I. F. f. 284.) Culms erect or decumbent from an annual root, 2-9 dm. long. Sheaths usually loose, compressed, smooth; leaves 6.25-12.5 cm. long; spikes 2.5-6.25 cm. long, sometimes partially included in the upper sheath; involucres crowded on the scabrous rachis, 2 -flowered, globose, pubescent except at the base, forming spiny burs, the spines stout ; spikelets about 6 mm. long. On sandy shores and in waste places, Me. and Ont. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. Sometimes a noxious weed. Apparently perennial in the Southern States. Aug. -Sept. GRAMINEAE. 91 20. ZIZAN1OPSIS. Doell and Aschers. Tali aquatic monoecious grasses, with long flat leaves and paniculate inflor- escence. Spikelets I -flowered, the pistillate borne at the top of the branches, the staminate at the base. Scales 2, nearly equal, membranous, the outer one in the pistillate spikelets broad, acute, and bearing an awn. Stamens 6. Styles united. Grain nearly globose, the pericarp readily separable. [Name in allusion to the resemblance of this grass to Zizania.~\ A monotypic genus, of temperate and trop- ical America. I. Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Doell. and Aschers. ZIZANIOPSIS. (I. F. f. 285.) Culms 1-4.5 mrn - tall, from a long rootstock. Sheaths loose, glabrous; ligule 8-14 mm. long, thin-membranous; leaves 3 dm. long or more, 1.25-2.5 cm. wide; panicle 3-4.5 dm. long, narrow; branches erect; staminate spikelets 6-8 mm. long, the outer scale 5-nerved, the inner 3-nerved; pistillate spikelets about 6 mm. long, the outer scale bearing an awn 2-6 mm. long, 5-nerved; inner scale 3-nerved. Swamps, Ga. to Ohio (according to Riddell), south to Fla. and Tex. June-Tuly. 21. ZIZANIA L. A tall, aquatic monoecious grass, with long flat leaves and an ample panicle. Spikelets I -flowered, the pistillate borne on the upper branches of the panicle, the staminate on the lower. Scales 2, membranous, the outer somewhat longer, acute in the staminate, long-awned in the pistillate spikelets. Stamens 6. Styles nearly distinct. Grain linear. [From an ancient Greek name for Darnel.] A monotypic genus of N. Am. and Asia. I. Zizania aquatica L. WILD RICE. INDIAN RICE. WATER OATS. REED. (I. F. f. 286. ) Culms erect from an annual root, 9-30 dm. tall. Sheaths loose, glabrous; ligule about 6 mm. long, thin -membranous ; leaves 3 dm. or more long; panicle 3-6 dm. long, the upper branches erect, the lower widely spreading; staminate spikelets 612 mm. long, outer 5-nerved, the inner 3-nerved; scales of the pistillate spikelets 8-24 mm. long, the outer one 5-nerved, with an awn 2.5-5 cm. long, the inner narrower, 3-nerved, awn-pointed; grain 1-3 cm. long. In swamps, N. B. to Manitoba, south to Fla. and Tex. June-Oct. 22. HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg. Marsh grasses with flat narrow, generally rough leaves and paniculate inflores- cence. Spikelets I -flowered, perfect, strongly flattened laterally, and usually more or less imbricated. Scales 2, chartaceous, the outer one broad and strongly conduplicate, the inner much narrower. Stamens 1-6. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid, free. [Greek, in reference to the supposed re- semblance of these grasses to Millet.] About 5 species, natives of temperate and tropical countries. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southern U. S. Spikelets oblong, their width less than one-half their length, somewhat imbricated. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; panicle-branches usually rigid. i. H. Virginicus. Spikelets 4-5 mm. long; panicle-branches generally lax. 2. H. oryzoides. Spikelets oval, their width more than one-half their length, much imbricated. 3. H. lenticularis. 1. Homalocenchrus Virginicus (Willd.) Britton. WHITE GRASS. (I. F. f. 287.) Culms 3-9 dm. long, much branched, slender. Leaves 515 cm. long, 2- 1 6 mm. wide, scabrous; terminal panicle finally open and long-exserted, 7.5-20 cm. long; lateral panicles smaller and usually included ; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, about I mm. wide; outer scale hispid on the keel and margins; stamens I or 2. Swamps or wet woods, Me. to Ont. and Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug. Sept. 2. Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll. RICE CUT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 288.) Culms 3-12 dm. long, much branched, rather stout. Leaves 7.5-25 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide ; terminal panicle 1.25-2.25 dm. long, finally long-exserted, its branches lax, and later widely spreading ; lateral panicles generally included; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide, elliptic; scales pubescent, the outer one hispid on the keel and on the margins; stamens 3. In swamps and along streams, often forming dense tangled masses, N. S. to western Ont., south to Fla- and Tex. Also in the temperate parts of Europe and Asia. Aug.-Sept. 92 FLORA. 3. Homalocenchrus lenticularis (Michx.) Scribn. CATCH.FLY GRASS. (I. F. f. 289.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall, usually simple. Leaves 1-3 dm. long, 8-20 mm. wide; panicle 1.12-2.25 dm. long, finally exserted. its branches lax, and later spreading ; spikelets much imbricated, 4-5 mm. long, 2-3.5 mm - wide ; scales smooth or sparingly hispid-scabrous, the outer one strongly 3 -nerved, hispid on the keel and margins, the inner much narrower, strongly i -nerved, hispid on the keel; stamens 2. Wet grounds, Va. to 111. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 23. PHALARIS L. Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves, the inflorescence spike-like, capi- tate or a narrow panicle. Spikelets crowded, I -flowered. Scales 5, the first and second about equal in length, strongly compressed laterally, usually wing-keeled; third and fourth scales much smaller or reduced to mere rudiments; fifth scale sub- tending a palet similar to itself and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, smooth, enclosed in the indurated scales. [Greek, alluding to the shining grain.] About IO species, mostly natives of southern Europe. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the U. S. Outer scales not winged ; inflorescence a narrow panicle. i. P. arundinacea. Outer scales broadly winged ; inflorescence a spike or spike-like panicle. Spikelets narrow ; third and fourth scales much reduced, rigid, subulate, hairy. 2. P. Caroliniana. Spikelets broad ; third and fourth scales thin-membranous, broadly lanceolate, gla- brous or sparingly hairy. 3. P. Canariensis. 1. Phalaris arundinacea L. REED CANARY-GRASS. (I. F. f. 290.) Gla- brous, 6-15 dm. tall. Leaves 8.75-25 cm. long, 6-16 mm. wide; panicle 7.5-20 cm. long, dense and contracted; spikelets 5-6 mm. long; outer scales 3-nerved; third and fourth scales less than one-half as long as the fifth; fifth scale about three-fourths as long as the spikelet, pubescent with long appressed silky hairs. In moist or wet soil, N. S. to Br. Col., south to N. J., Ky., Kans. and Nev. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Aug. The Ribbon-grass or Painted-grass of cultivation, the so-called variety picta, has leaves variegated with green and white stripes, is a derivative of this species, and sometimes escapes from gardens. 2. Phalaris Caroliniana Walt. CAROLINA CANARY-GRASS. (I. F. f. 291.) Culms 3-10.5 dm. tall. Leaves 5-15 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide; spike-like panicle oblong, 2.510 cm. long; spikelets 5 mm. long, 3-nerved; third and fourth scales less than one-half as long as the fifth; fifth scale about two-thirds as long as the spikelet, acuminate, pubescent with long appressed hairs. In moist soil, S. Car. to Mo. and Cal., south to Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. 3. Phalaris Canariensis L. CANARY-GRASS. (I. F. f. 292.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall. Leaves 5-30 cm. long, 412 mm. wide, strongly scabrous; spikes 1.25 3.75 cm. long, ovoid; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; outer scales whitish with green nerves; third and fourth scales about half the length of the fifth, broadly lanceolate, thin-membranous, sparingly hairy; fifth scale about two-thirds as long as the spike- let, pubescent with appressed hairs. In waste places, N. S. to Ont., Va. and Neb. Naturalized from Europe. The grain is the common food of canary birds. July- Aug. 24. ANTHOXANTHUM L. Fragrant annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and spike-like panicles. Spikelets I -flowered, narrow, somewhat compressed. Scales 5; the two outer acute or produced into a short awn, the first shorter than the second; third and fourth scales much shorter, 2-lobed, awned on the back; the fifth scale shorter than the others, obtuse. Stamens 2. Styles distinct. Stigmas elongated, plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, referring to the yellow hue of the spikelets in some species.] A genus of 4 or 5 species, natives of Europe. i. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. SWEET VERNAL-GRASS. (I. F. f. 293.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall. Leaves 1.25-15 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, glabrous or nearly so; panicles 2.5-6.25 cm. long; spikelets 8 mm. long, crowded; outer scales glabrous or pubescent; the third and fourth very hairy, the former with an awn nearly twice GRAMINEAE. $3 its length inserted about the middle, the fourth scale bearing near the base an awn more than twice its length. In fields and meadows throughout nearly the whole of N. Am. Very fragrant in drying. Naturalized from Europe. June -July. 25. SA VAST AN A Schrank. Aromatic perennial grasses, with flat leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 3-flowered, the terminal flower perfect, the others staminate. Scales 5; the first and second nearly equal, acute, glabrous; the third and fourth somewhat shorter, obtuse, entire, emarginate, 2 -toothed or 2-lobed, with or without an awn, enclosing a palet and stamens; fifth scale often produced into a short awn, enclos- ing a palet and perfect flower. Stamens in the staminate flowers 3, in the perfect 2. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Name unexplained.] About 8 species, natives of temperate and cold regions. Third and fourth scales unawned ; Entire ; culms 3-10 dm. tall. Panicle i dm. long or less, its branches short, 5 cm. long or less ; leaves short and broad. i. S. odorata. Panicle 1.5-5 dm. long, its branches capillary, drooping, 12 dm. long ; leaves long and narrow. 2. S. Nashii. Erose-truncate ; culms 1.5 dm. tall or less. 3. S. pauciflora. Third and fourth scales awned. 4. .S". alpina, 1. Savastana odorata (L.) Scribn. HOLY-GRASS. SENECA GRASS. (I. F. f. 294.) Sheaths smooth; lower leaves elongated, 1-2 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, the upper ones 1.25-5 cm - l n g; panicle 5-10 cm. long, its branches 2.5-5 cm - ^ ori g? usually spreading; spikelets yellowish-brown and purple, 4-6 mm. long; first and second scales acute; third and fourth villous and strongly ciliate, awn-pointed. Newf. to Alaska, south to N. J., Wis. and Colo. Also in northern Europe and Asia. June -July. This and other sweet-scented grasses are strewn before the churches in northern Europe, whence the name Holy-grass. Also known as Vanilla-grass. 2. Savastana Nashii Bicknell. NODDING VANILLA-GRASS. (I. F. f. 2g4a.) Plant smooth, glabrous and shining. Culms erect, slender, 6-9 dm. tall. Sheaths overlapping, striate; leaves erect or ascending, elongated, the culm leaves 5 or 6, 5-20 cm. long, 4-6 mm wide, acuminate; panicle long-exserted, loose and open, 1.7- 4.5 dm. long, its apex nodding, the capillary branches drooping, the larger 7.5-17.5 cm. long, in pairs; spikelets 5-8 mm. long, on capillary pedicels; scales 5, the outer 2 abruptly long -acuminate; the third and fourth scales about 5 mm. long, rough, ciliate on the margins with ascending hairs. Along brackish marshes, N. Y. City. July-Aug. 3. Savastana pauciflora (R. Br.) Scribn. ARCTIC HOLY-GRASS. (L F. f. 295.) Glabrous; culms 1.5 dm. high or less, erect, simple, smooth, sheaths mostly at the base of the culm, overlapping; leaves smooth, the basal ones 2.5-5 cm. long, i mm. wide, involute at least when dry; culm leaves 1.25 cm. long or less, 2 mm. wide, flat; panicle less than 2.5 cm. long, contracted; spikelets few, 3-4 mm. long; first and second scales 3-4 mm. long, smooth and glabrous; third and fourth shorter, scabrous. Arctic America. Summer. 4. Savastana alpina (Sw.) Scribn. ALPINE HOLY-GRASS. (I. F. f. 296.) Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall. Lower leaves elongated, 7.5-15 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, the upper much shorter, 1.25-5 cm. l n g> 2-4 mm. wide; panicle 1.8-3.7 cm. long, contracted; spikelets 5-7 mm. long, crowded; third and fourth shorter, cili ate on the margins, the former bearing an awn about 2 mm. long, the latter with a more or less bent awn about 6 mm. long; fifth scale acute, usually awn-pointed. Greenland to Alaska, south to the high mountains of N. E. and N. Y. Also in northern Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 26. ARISTIDA L. Grasses varying greatly in habit and inflorescence. Leaves narrow, often in- volute-set iceous. Spikelets narrow, i-flowered. Scales 3, narrow, the two outer carinate; the third rigid and convolute, bearing three awns occasionally united at the base, the lateral awns rarely wanting or reduced to rudiments. Palet 2 -nerved. 94 FLORA. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, tightly enclosed in the scale. [Latin, from arista, an awn.] About 100 species, in the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in the southern and western parts of N. Am. The English name Three-owned Grass is applied to all the species. Awns not articulated to the scale. Central awn coiled at the base. First scale usually equalling or sometimes slightly shorter than the second scale, which is generally 7-9 mm. long. i. A. dichotoma. First scale much shorter than the second (often but little more than one-half as long), which is 10-15 mm. long. Lateral awns short, straight and erect, 1-2 mm. long, the central awn usually more than five times their length, its straight portion 5-8 mm. long. 2. A. Curtissii. Lateral awns more or less spreading, usually a little spiral at the base, the central awn from one-half again to twice their length, its straight por- tion 10-15 mm. long. 3. A. basiramea. Central awn not coiled at the base. Panicle narrow, linear to oblong, the branches short (sometimes long in No. 12), erect or ascending. Central awn and sometimes the lateral ones also strongly reflexed, the bend semicircular. 4. A. ramosissima. Central awn from erect to spreading with no semicircular bend at the base. First scale much shorter than the second, usually about one-half as long. Spikelets crowded, 4-6 on the short branches, which are spikelet- bearing to the base or nearly so. 5. A.fasciculata. Spikelets not crowded, usually 1-3 on branches naked at the base. Second scale of the spikelet 1.5 cm. or less long, usually equalling or slightly exceeding the flowering scale. 6. A. Fendleriana. Second scale of the spikelet 2 cm. or more long, from one-half again as long as to nearly twice the length ot the flowering scale. 7. A. longiseta. First scale from a little shorter than to exceeding the second. Spikelets exceeding 2 cm. long ; first scale 5~7-nerved. 8. A. oligantha, Spikelets less than 1.5 cm. long; first scale i-3-nerved. Sheaths glabrous, or pubescent only at the apex. Leaves strongly involute, densely villous at the base 9. A. stricta, Leaves flat, at least not villous at the base. First scale generally shorter than or equalling the second. 10. A. gracilis. First scale usually exceeding the second. 11. A. purpurascens. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely woolly. 12. A. lanosa. Panicle diffuse and open, the branches very long and widely spreading. 13. A. divaricata. Awns articulated to the scale, united at the base into a spiral column. Column conspicuous, 6 mm. long or more. 14. A. tuberculosa. Column inconspicuous, 2 mm. long or less. 15. A. desmantha. 1. Aristida dichotoma Michx. POVERTY-GRASS. (I. F. f. 297.) Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, dichotomously branched. Leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, involute, usually scabrous; spike-like racemes or panicles 5-12.5 cm. long, slender ; spikelets about 6 mm. long ; outer scales nearly equal, usually awn- pointed ; third scale shorter than the second, the middle awn horizontal, the termi- nal straight portion 4-6 mm. long, the lateral awns 2 mm. long or less, erect. Dry sandy soil, Me. to Ont., Neb. and the Ind. Terr., south to Ga. and Tex. Aug.- Sept. 2. Aristida Curtissii (A. Gray) Nash. CURTISS' ARISTIDA. Culms tufted. 2-5 dm. tall, branching. Leaves 416 cm. long. 1-2 mm. wide; panicle 5-9 cm. long, the branches erect; spikelets generally IO-I2 mm. long, rarely longer, the first scale much shorter than the second, which usually about equals the flowering scale; the flowering scale 7-1 1 mm. long; the lateral awns very short, 1-2 mm. GRAMINEAE. 95 long, straight and erect. In dry soil, Mo. and Kans. to the Ind. Terr. ; also in Va. Sept. -Oct. 3. Aristida basiramea Engelm. FORKED ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 299.) Culms tufted, rather slender, 2-6 dm. tall, branching. Leaves 3-15 cm. long, 1.5 mm. wide or less; panicle 3-9 cm. long, the branches erect; spikelets 10-15 mm - l n g the first scale much shorter than the second; the flowering scale 7-11 mm. long, considerably shorter than the second scale; the lateral awns more or less spread- ing, usually a little spiral at the base, one-half to two-thirds as long as the central awn, which is strongly spiral at the base. In dry places, Minn, to Neb., south to 111. and Kans. 4. Aristida ramosissima Engelm. BRANCHED ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 300.) Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, branched. Leaves 3.5-7.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, flat, smooth beneath, scabrous above; spikelets few, borne in loose spikes, 5-10 cm. in length; first scale awn-pointed; second scale 1.62 cm. in length, exceeding the first, terminated with an awn 2-6 mm. long; third scale as long as the second; middle awn about 2.5 cm. long, forming a hook, the lateral awns erect. In dry soil. 111. to Ky. and Mo. July-Sept. 5. Aristida fasciculata Torr. BUSHY ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 306.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall, branched. Leaves 515 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, flat; panicle 7.5- 17.5 cm. long, at first strict, the branches finally more or less spreading; first scale of spikelet I -nerved, shorter than the second scale; third scale equalling or longer than the second; awns divergent, the middle one 8-16 mm. long, the lateral ones shorter. Dry soil, Kans. to Cal., south to Mex. Aug.-Sept. {Aristida dispersa Trin. and Rupr.) 6. Aristida Fendleriana Steud. FENDLER'S ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 304.) Culms densely tufted, 1.5-2.5 dm. tall, erect, rigid, simple. Sheaths smooth, confined to the base of the culm ; leaves involute, at least when dry, often curved, 0.5 mm. in diameter; panicle 7-10 cm. long, strict, its branches short and appressed and usually bearing a single spikelet; spikelets 1.21.5 cm - l n &> the flowering scale 9-12 mm. long, the central awn 2-3.5 cm - l n g> the lateral ones a little shorter. In dry sandy soil, Black Hills to Neb. and Utah, south to Tex. and N. Mex. {Aristida purpurea Nutt. in part.) 7. Aristida longiseta Steud. LONG-AWNED ARISTIDA. Culms tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, simple. Leaves 3-10 cm. long, involute, at least when dry; panicle 1-2 dm. long, its branches usually bearing but a single spikelet; spikelets 2-2.5 cm - long, the flowering scale 1.2-1.6 cm. long, from a little over one-half to two-thirds as long as the second scale, the central awn 6-n cm. long, the lateral ones equal- ling it or a little shorter. In dry sandy soil. Neb. to Mont, and Wash., south to Tex. and Mex. (Aristida purpurea Nutt. in part. ) 8. Aristida oligantha Michx. FEW-FLOWERED ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 303.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall, dichotomously branched. Leaves 2.515 cm. long, 12 mm. wide, smooth; spikelets few, in a lax spike-like raceme or panicle; first scale 5- nerved, occasionally 7 -nerved at base, equalling or somewhat shorter than the second, which bears an awn 4-8 mm. long; third scale shorter than the first, awns divergent or spreading, the middle one 3.7-6.2 cm. long, the lateral somewhat shorter. Dry soil, N. J. to Neb., south to La. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 9. Aristida stricta Michx. ERECT ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 305.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall. Leaves involute-filiform, the basal 3 dm. or more in length, those of the culm 2-3 dm. long, or the upper shorter; panicle spike-like, strict, or the top some- times nodding, 1.5-6 dm. long; outer scales of the spikelet awn-pointed, the first I -nerved, shorter than the second; third scale equalling the first or a little shorter; middle awn 1-2 cm. long, horizontal when old, the lateral ones shorter, erect or divergent. Dry soil, Va. (according to S. Watson), south to Fla. July-Sept. 10. Aristida gracilis Ell. SLENDER ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 298.) Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall. Leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, flat, or involute when dry; panicle spike-like, 7.5-17.5 cm. long, slender; spikelets about 6 mm. long; outer scales about equal; third scale about equalling the second, generally mottled, middle awn horizontal, the lateral awns 26 mm. long, erect. Dry soil, N. H. and Mass, to 111. and Neb., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 11. Aristida purpurascens Poir. PURPLISH ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 301.) Culms 37.5 dm. tall. Leaves 1-2 dm. long, about 2 mm. wide, flat, or becoming invo- 96 FLORA. lute in drying; spike-like panicles 1.25-4.5 dm. long, strict, or sometimes nodding; outer scales of spikelet awn-pointed, the first longer than the second; third scale from two-thirds to three-quarters as long as the first, middle awn 1.8-2.4 cm. long, horizontal, the lateral awns somewhat shorter, erect or divergent. In dry soil, Mass, to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. Sept.-Oct. 12. Aristida lanosa Muhl. WOOLLY ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 302.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall. Leaves 3 dm. long or more, about 4 mm. wide, attenuate into a long;, siender point; panicle 3-6 dm. long, strict; outer scales of the spikelet awn-pointed, the first 1-1.4 cm - l n g> exceeding the second; third scale slightly shorter than the second, middle awn 1.6-2.4 cm. long, usually horizontal, the lateral awns about two-thirds as long, erect or divergent. Dry sandy soil, Del. to Fla. west to Tex. Aug. -Sept. (Aristida lanata Poir.) 13. Aristida divaricata H. & B. SPREADING ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 3o6a.) Culms 4.5-9 dm. tall, tufted, erect. Sheaths overlapping, rough ; culm leaves, 1.53 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; the sterile shoots from one-third to one-half as long as the culm, the leaves narrower; panicle comprising one-half of the plant, or more, often included at the base, its branches rigid, at length widely spreading; spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about 1.25 cm. long; empty scales acuminate, usually awn-pointed; flowering scale commonly slightly shorter than the empty ones, firm; the lateral awns shorter than the central, which is 1.2-2 cm. long. Dry sandy soil, Kans. to Ariz, and N. Mex., south to Mex. 14. Aristida tuberculosa Nutt. SEA-BEACH ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 307.) Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, dichotomously branched. Leaves 1.25-2.25 dm. long, about 2 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 1.252 dm. long, branches slender, ascending; outer scales of the spikelet about equal, awned, the third scale shorter; awns divergent or reflexed, more or less coiled. Sandy soil, especially on sea- beaches, N. H. to Minn., south to Ga. Also in the interior in 111., Wis., Minn, and Neb. Aug. -Sept. 15. Aristida desmantha Trin. & Rupr. WESTERN ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 308.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall, branched. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle about 1.5 dm. long, the branches slender, ascending; outer scales of the spikelet about equal, the third one shorter; awns spreading or reflexed, somewhat coiled. In dry soil, Kans. (?), the Ind. Terr, and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 27. STIPA L. Generally tall grasses, the leaves usually convolute, rarely flat, the inflorescence paniculate. Spikelets I -flowered, narrow. Scales 3; the two outer narrow, acute or rarely bearing an awn, the third rigid, convolute, with a hairy callus at the base, and bearing a more or less bent awn, which is spiral at the base, and articulated to the scale. Palet 2-nerved. Stamens 3, rarely fewer. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain narrow, free, tightly enclosed in the scale. [Greek, in allusion to the tow-like plumes of some species.] A genus of about 100 species, distributed throughout the temperate and tropical zones. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the southern and western parts of N. Am. Outer scales of the spikelet 4-12 mm. long : Obtuse or blunt-pointed, 4 mm. in length. i. S. Macounii. Acute, 8-12 mm. in length. Awn less than five times the length of the scale. 2. S. viridula. Awn more than seven times the length of the scale. 3. S. avenacea. Outer scales of the spikelet 2 cm. long or more. Base of panicle usually included in the upper sheath; third scale 8-12 mm. long; awn slender, curled. 4. S. comata. Panicle exserted from the upper sheath; third scale 1.4-2.4 cm. long, awn bent. 5. S. spar tea. I. Stipa Macounii Scribn. MACOUN'S STIPA. (I. F. f. 309.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall. Leaves 5-12.5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, flat, becoming involute- setaceous in drying, scabrous; panicle 5-12.5 cm. long, contracted, the branches 2.5-5 cm. long; spikelets borne at the ends of the branches; third scale pubescent with long, appressed silky hairs, callus obtuse; awn 8-10 mm. long, contorted. N. B. to the N. W. Terr., south to Me., N. H., Lake Superior, and Mont. July. GRAMINEAE. 97 2. Stipa viridula Trin. GREEN STIPA. (I. F. f. 310.) Culms 4. 5-9 dm. tall. Leaves smooth or scabrous, the basal ones involute-filiform, one-third to one-half as long as the culm, those of the culm 7.5-22 cm. long, broader; panicle spike-like, strict and erect ; outer scales of spikelet 6-8 mm. long, long-acuminate; third scale shorter, more or less pubescent with long appressed silky hairs, callus acute; awn 1.8-3.2 cm. long, bent, loosely spiral at base. Minn, to Br. Col., south to Kans., N. Mex. and Cal. July -Aug. 3. Stipa avenacea L. BLACK OAT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 311.) Culms 3-7.5 dm. tall. Leaves involute-filiform, smooth beneath, scabrous above, the basal one-third to one-half the length of the culm, those of the culm 7.5-12.5 cm. long; panicle 1.25-2 dm. long, loose, the branches lax, rinally spreading; outer scales of the spikelet 8-10 mm. long; third scale a little shorter, black, pilose at base, and with a ring of short hairs at the top; callus hard, acute; awn 3.75-6.25 cm. long, bent, loosely spiral below. In dry woods, R. I. to Fla., mostly near the coast; also in western Ont. and Wis. May-June. 4. Stipa comata Trin. and Rupr. WESTERN STIPA. (I. F. f. 312.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall. Uppermost sheaths very long and inflated, enclosing the base of the panicle; basal leaves involute-filiform, one-quarter to one-half as long as the culm, the culm leaves 7.51.5 cm. long, a little broader than the basal ones, involute; panicle 1.5-2.25 dm. long, loose, the branches erect-ascending; outer scales of the spikelet 1.8-2.4 cm - l n g> acuminate into an awn 4-8 mm. in length; callus acute; awn 1-2 dm. in length, spiral and pubescent below. On prairies, Alberta to Br. Col., south to Neb., N. Mex. and Cal. June-July. 5. Stipa spartea Trin. PORCUPINE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 313.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall. Basal leaves one-third to one-half as long as the culm, 2 mm. wide or less, usually involute, those of the culm 1.5-3 dm. long, about 4mm. wide, generally flat; panicle 1-2.5 dm. in length, its branches erect ; outer scales of spikelet 2.5- 3.6 cm. long, acuminate into a long slender point; callus acute; awn 1-2 dm. long, stout, usually twice bent, tightly spiral and pubescent below, doubly spiral about the middle. On prairies. Manitoba to Br. Col., south to 111. and Kans. June-July. 28. ORYZOPSIS Michx. Usually tufted grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets i-flowered, broad. Scales 3; the two lower about equal, obtuse or acu- minate; the third scale shorter or a little longer, broad, bearing a terminal awn which is early deciduous, the callus at the base of the scale short and obtuse, or a mere scar. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, tightly enclosed in the convolute scale. [Greek, in allusion to the supposed resem- blance of these grasses to rice.] About 24 species, distributed through temperate and subtropical regions, rarely extending into the tropics. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the western parts of N. Am. Spikelet, exclusive of awn, 2.5-4 mrn - long- Awn less than 2 mm. long, much shorter than the scale; outer scales 3-4 mm. in length. i. O. juncea. Awn 6-8 mm. long, more than twice as long as the scale; outer scales [about 2.5 mm. in length. 2. O. micraiitlia. Spikelet, exclusive of awn, 6-8 mm. long. Culms nearly naked, leaves all crowded at the base; panicle 5-7.5 cm. long, its branches 2.5 cm. in length or less, erect. 3. O. asperifolia. Culms leafy to the top; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long; branches 5-10 cm. in length, more or less spreading. 4. O. melanocarpa. 1. Oryzopsis juncea (Michx.) B. S. P. SLENDER MOUNTAIN RICE. (I. F. f. 314.) Culms glabrous, 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect. Sheaths usually crowded at the base of the culm; leaves smooth or scabrous, erect, involute, the basal about one- half the length of the culm, occasionally equalling it, filiform, those of the culm 2.5-10 cm. long; panicle 2.5-6.25 cm. long, the branches 1.25-2.5 cm. in length, erect or ascending, the lower half naked; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, the third scale pubescent with short appressed silky hairs, the awn less than 2 mm. long. In dry rocky places, Quebec to Br. Col., south to Mass., Penn. and Wis. May-June. 2. Oryzopsis micrantha (Trin. and Rupr.) Thurb. SMALL-FI.OWERED MOUN- TAIN RICE. (I. F. f. 315.) Culms glabrous, 3-7.5 dm. tall, erect, slender. 98 FLORA. Leaves erect, scabrous, the basal one-half the length of the culm, less than I mm. wide, usually more or less involute, the culm leaves 5-20 cm. long, 1-2 mm. broad ; panicle 7-5^*5 crn - l n g> the branches finally spreading, the lower ones 2.5-5 crn - long, naked for about two-thirds their length; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, the third scale glabrous, bearing an awn 6-8 mm. long. S. Dak. to Neb., N. Mex. and Ariz. June-July. 3. Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. WHITE-GRAINED MOUNTAIN RICE. (I. F. f. 316.) Culms 2.5-5 dm. tall, erect, smooth or scabrous. Sheaths crowded at base ; leaves erect, rough, especially above, the basal ones elongated, often equalling or exceeding the culm, 4-8 mm. wide, the I or 2 culm leaves much reduced, less than 1.25 cm. long; panicle 5-7.5 cm. long, contracted, the branches 2.5 cm. in length or less, erect ; spikelets, exclusive of awn, 6-8 mm. long ; third scale whitish, equalling the second or a little shorter, sparingly pubescent, the awn 7-10 mm. long. In woods, N. S. to Br. Col., south to N. J., Penn. , Minn., and in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. May-June. 4. Oryzopsis melanocarpa Muhl. BLACK -FRUITED MOUNTAIN RICE. (I. F. f. 317.) Glabrous ; culms 4.5-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, roughish. Sheaths smooth or scabrous, the lower ones usually longer, the upper slightly shorter than the inter- nodes; leaves 1.25-3 dm. long, 4-14 mm. wide, narrowed toward the base, acuminate at apex into along slender point, scabrous, especially above ; panicle branched or nearly simple, 7.5-30 cm. long, its branches 5-10 cm. long, spreading or ascending, the lower half naked ; outer scales of the spikelet about equal, 6-8 mm. in length, acute ; third scale shorter, acute, dark colored, sparingly pubescent, the awn 1.6-2.4 cm. long. Rocky woods, Vt. and Ont. to Minn., south to Mass., N. J., Ky. and Mo. July- Aug. 29. ERIOCOMA Nutt. Perennial tufted grasses, with usually involute leaves and a contracted or open panicle. Spikelets I -flowered. Scales 3 ; outer two membranous, glabrous ; third scale firmer, becoming hard in fruit, densely pubescent with long silky hairs, and bearing a terminal readily deciduous awn, the callus at the base of the scale short and obtuse. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, referring to the copious silky hairs of the flowering scale.] A small genus of 2 or possibly more species, natives of western N. Am. I. Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt. SILKY ORYZOPSIS. (I. F. f. 318.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, rigid, simple, smooth. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, involute, stiff, smooth or somewhat scabrous; panicle 1.53 dm. long, diffuse, generally partially included in the upper sheath, its branches widely spreading and many times forked, the ultimate divisions flexuous; outer scales of the spikelet 6-8 mm. in length, long-acuminate, glabrous; third scale about one-half as long, acute, densely pubescent with long silky erect hairs nearly twice its own length, the awn 4-6 mm. long. On prairies, Alberta to Wash., south to Ivans., Ariz, and Mex. May July. {Oryzopsis cuspidata Vasey.) 30. MILIUM L. Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and terminal lax panicles. Spike- lets i-flowered. Scales 3, obtuse, not awned; the outer about equal; the third thin- membranous, at length rigid, glabrous or pubescent; palet scarcely shorter. Sta- mens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid or oblong, free, tightly enclosed in the rigid and shining scale and palet. [Latin name for Millet.] Species 5 or 6, chiefly in Europe and Asia. i. Milium effasum L. TALL MILLET-GRASS. (I. F. f. 319.) Glabrous throughout; culms 6-18 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth. Leaves 7.522.5 cm. long, 6-16 mm. wide, narrowed toward the base, acuminate, smooth or scabrous; panicle 7.5-25 cm. in length, lax, its branches 5-7.5 cm. long, slender, somewhat flexuous, naked at base and dividing above the middle, at length widely spreading; spike- lets 2.53 mm. long; outer scales equal, smooth or scabrous, the third scale shorter, smooth, white. In woods, Cape Breton I si. and Quebec to western Ontario, south to Mass., Penn. and Mich. Also in Northern Europe and Asia. June-July. GRAMIXEAE. 99 31, MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Mostly perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflores- cence. Rootstocks often scaly. Spikelets i -flowered, very rarely 2-flowered. Scales 3, very rarely 4; the outer ones empty, membranous or hyaline, acute and sometimes awned; third scale 3-5 -nerved, subtending a paletand perfect flower, ob- tuse, acute, or very often produced into a capillary awn; palet 2-keeled. Stamens often 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Callus minute. Grain narrow, free, tightly enclosed in the scale. [In honor of Henry Muhlenberg, 1756-1817, North American botanist.] About 60 species, chiefly natives of America, a few Asiatic. Panicle contracted, narrow, spike-like, the short branches rarely spreading. Flowering scales not awned but sometimes awn-pointed. Outer scales not awned, about half as long as the flowering scale, acute. i. M. sobolifera. Outer scales long-acuminate, awn-pointed or awned. Outer scales about equal in length to the flowering scale, sharp-pointed, about 3 mm. long. 2. M. Mexicana. Outer scales exceeding the flowering scale, generally twice its length, awned, about 5 mm. long. 3. M. racemosa. Flowering scale long-awned ; awn usually twice the length of the scale, sometimes shorter. Outer scales about equalling the flowering scale. Basal hairs not more than one-half the length of the flowering scale. Spikelets consisting of 3 scales and i perfect flower. 4. M. sylvatica. Spikelets consisting of 4 scales, the third with a perfect flower, the fourth empty and awned. 5. M. ambtgua. Basal hairs as long as the flowering scale. 6. M. comata. Outer scales one-half to two-thirds as long as the flowering scale. 7. M. tenuiflora. Outer scales less than one-third the length of the flowering scale. First scale minute, often wanting; flowering scale with an awn less than twice its length. 8. M. diffusa. First scale about two-thirds as long as the second. Panicle contracted, its branches closely appressed ; awn about three times as long as the flowering scale. 9. M. palustris. Panicle open, its branches finally spreading; awn four times or more as long as the flowering scale. 10. M. microsperma. Panicle open, its branches long and spreading. Culms 4.5 dm. tall or more; panicle diffuse; leaves elongated, not rigid. ii. M. capillaris. Culms 3 dm. tall or less; leaves 5 cm. long or less, rigid. Secondary branches of the panicle single; basal leaves short, numerous, strongly recurved. 12. M. gracillima. Secondary branches of the panicle fascicled; basal leaves few, not recurved. 13. M. pungens. 1. Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl. ) Trin. ROCK MUHLENBERGIA. (I. F. f. 320.) Glabrous; culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, slender, simple, or sparingly branched above, smooth. Leaves rough, those of the culm 1-1.5 dm. ^ on S 2 ~^ mm. wide, those of the branches 2.5-7.5 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide; panicle 7.5-15 cm. in length, slender, its branches 1.8-2.5 cm - l n g; outer scales about I mm. long, half to two-thirds the length of the spikelet; the third scale scabrous, obtuse, 3-nerved, the middle nerve usually excurrent as a short tip. Rocky woods, N. H. and Mass, to Minn., south to Va., Tenn. and the Ind. Terr. Sept.-Oct. 2. Muhlenbergia Mexicana (L.) Trin. MEADOW MUHLENBERGIA. (I. F. f. 321.) Glabrous; culms 6-12 dm. long, erect, or often prostrate, much branched, smooth. Leaves scabrous, those of the culm 1-1.5 c ^ m - l n g> 2 ~6 mm. wide, the branch leaves smaller; panicle 5-15 cm. long, contracted, its branches spike-like, 2.5-5 cm - l n g> erector appressed; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; outer scales some- what unequal, exceeding the flowering one, or slightly shorter, acuminate or short - awned, scabrous, especially on the keel ; third scale acuminate, scabrous, particu- larly toward the apex. In swamps and borders of fields, N. B. to western Ont., south to N. Car., Tenn., Neb. and the Ind. Terr. Aug. -Sept. 3. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P. MARSH MUHLENBERGIA. (I. Jb\ f. 322.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, usually much branched, smooth and TOO FLORA. glabrous. Leaves 5-12.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 5-11.25 cm. in length, usually dense and interrupted, the branches 1.25-2.5 cm. long, erector appressed, the spikelets much crowded; outer scales of the spikelet acuminate, 4-6 mm. long, including the awn, smooth, or scabrous, especially on the keel; third scale one-half to two-thirds as long, acuminate, the strongly scabrous midrib excurrent in a short point. In wet places, Newf. to Br. Col., south to N. J.. Mo. and N. Mex. Aug. -Sept. 4. Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torn WOOD MUHLENBERGIA. (I. F. f. 323.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, branched. Leaves 5-17.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough; panicle 7.5-17.5 cm. in length, somewhat lax, the branches 2.5-7.5 cm. iong, erect or ascending; outer scales of the spikelet 2. 5-3 mm. long, awn-pointed, scabrous ; third scale equalling or somewhat exceeding the outer ones, strongly scabrous, attenuate into a slender awn 2-4 times its length. In moist woods and along streams, N. B. to Ont. and Minn., south to N. Car., Tenn., Neb. andthelnd. Terr. Aug. -Sept. 5. Muhlenbergia ambigua Torr. MINNESOTA MUHLENBERGIA. (I. F. f. 324.) Glabrous; culms 3 dm. tall or lower, erect, branched, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. long. 2-4 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 2.5-7.5 cm. long, rigid, its branches 1.25-2.5 cm. long, dense, appressed; outer scales of the spikelet awn-pointed, unequal, the longer about 4 mm. in length and exceeding the body of the third scale, which is scabrous, villous, and attenuate into an awn 2-3 times its length; a fourth narrow awned scale is nearly always present. Along a lake shore in Minn. 6. Muhlenbergia comata (Thurb.) Benth. HAIRY MUHLENBERGIA. (I. F. f. 325.) Culms 3-7.5 dm. tall, erect, slender, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth or slightly scabrous; leaves 6.2-12.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, erect, flat, rough; panicle often tinged with purple, 5-10 cm. in length, dense, branches 1.25-3.75 cm. long, erect; outer scales of the spikelet equal, or the sec- ond a little the longer, smooth, scabrous on the keel; third scale shorter, smooth and glabrous, bearing an awn 2-3 times its length, the basal hairs silky, erect, fully as long as the scale. On prairies, Kans. (?) and Colo, to Cal. Aug. -Sept.- 7. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) B. S. P. SLENDER MUHLENBERGIA. (I. F. f. 326.) Culms 6-9 dm. tall, erect, slender, simple or sparingly branched, smooth. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes ; leaves 6.25-17.5 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, narrowed toward the base, acuminate, scabrous; panicle 1.25-2.25 dm. long, slender, its branches 2.5-8.75 cm. long, appressed; outer scales of the spikelet unequal, half to two-thirds the length of the third one, awn-pointed, sca- brous; third scale 2.53 mm. long, scabrous, bearing an awn 24 times its length. In rocky woods, Mass, to southern Ont. and Minn., south to Ala. and Tex. Aug.- Sept. 8. Muhlenbergia difftisa Willd. NIMBLE WILL. DROPSEED-GRASS. (I. F. f. 327. ) Culms 3-9 dm. long, decumbent, or often prostrate or creeping and as- cending, very slender, diffusely branched. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, loose; leaves 3.75-8.75 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 5-20 cm. long, slender, somewhat lax, its branches 2.5-5 cm - l n g erect, outer scales of the spike- let minute, the lower one often wanting ; the third scale, exclusive of the a\vn, about 2 mm. long, strongly scabrous, particularly upon the nerves; the awn 1-4 mm. in length. On dry hills and in woods, Me. and southern Ont. to Minn., south to Fla., Kans. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 9. Muhlenbergia palustris Scribn. SWAMP MUHLENBERGIA. Culms slen- der, weak, 6-10 dm. long. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves erect, 3-5 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, smooth beneath and rough above; panicle slender, con- tracted, 1-1.5 dm. l n g> i ts branches appressed; spikelets, exclusive of the awn. 2.5-2.8 mm. long, the first scale shorter than the second, which is about one-third as long as the spikelet; the flowering scale 2.3-2.5 mm. long, shortly 2-toothed at the apex, bearing an awn between the teeth 5.5-8 mm. long, the callus hairy. In a swamp at Washington, D. C. Sept. 10. Muhlenbergia microsperma (DC.) Trin. SMALL-SEEDED MUIILENBER- GIA. (I. F f . 328.) Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect, finally decumbent or somewhat prostrate at base, slender, diffusely branched. Leaves 1.25-6.25 cm. long. 2 mm. wide or less, scabrous; panicle 5-10 cm. in length, slender, open, the branches 2.5 GRAAflNEAE. IOI cm. long or less, ascending or erect; outer scales of the spike let unequal, obtuse or rounded at apex, about one-third the length of the third scale, which is 2.5-3 mm - long, exclusive of the awn, and strongly scabrous; awn 1.2-2.4 cm - in length. In dry soil, Kans. to Cal., south to Mex. 11. Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lara.) Trin. LONG-AWNED HAIR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 329.) Culms 4.5-12 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth or nearly so. Sheaths smooth, the lower short and overlapping, the upper ones much longer; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1.75-3 dm. in length or more, diffuse, the capillary branches 1-2 dm. long, at length widely spreading; spikelets on long hair-like pedicels which are clavate -thickened at the apex; outer scales unequal, acute or short-awued, slightly scabrous; third scale, exclusive of the awn, 4 mm. long, about twice as long as the first one, scabrous, the awn 6-18 mm. in length. In dry sandy or rocky soil, Mass, to N. J. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. Panicle usually light purple. Sept. -Oct. 12. Muhlenbergia gracillima Torn FILIFORM MUHLENBERGIA. (I. F. f. 330.) Culms 1-3.5 dm. tall, from a slender creeping rootstock, erect, slender, sim- ple, rigid. Leaves 2.5-5 cm * ^ on S> involute-setaceous, smooth or somewhat sca- brous, rigid, the basal numerous, usually strongly recurved, the 1-3 culm leaves erect or ascending; panicle 5-22.5 cm. in length, open, the branches finally widely spreading, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, filiform; spikelets about as long as the filiform pedi- cels, which are clavate-thickened at the apex ; outer scales unequal, usually awn- pointed or short-awned, slightly scabrous; third scale 2.5-3 mm - l n g> longer than the outer ones, sometimes twice as long, scabrous ; awn 2-4 mm. long. On prairies, Kans. to Colo., south to Tex. and N. Mex. Sept.-Oct. 13. Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb. PRAIRIE MUHLENBERGIA. (I. F. f. 331.) Culms i-5~3-75 dm. tall, from a creeping rootstock, erect from a decumbent branching base, rigid, minutely pubescent. Sheaths crowded at the base of the culm, scabrous; leaves 2.5-5 cm - l n g> involute-setaceous, rigid, scabrous; panicle 7.5-15 cm. in length, open, the branches 5-6.25 cm. long, single, distant, much di- vided from near the base, the divisions apparently fascicled; spikelets on long ped- icels, which are clavate-thickened at the apex; outer scales, when mature, equalling or often shorter than the body of the third one, scabrous, especially on the keel; third scale, when mature, 1.5-2 mm. long, scabrous, the awn shorter than its body. On prairies, Neb. to Utah, south to Tex. and Ariz. Aug. -Sept. 32. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. A tall grass with flat leaves and a narrow panicle. Spikelets I -flowered, nar- row, the rachilla produced beyond the flower, and sometimes bearing a minute scale at the summit. Scales 3; the outer small and inconspicuous, the lower often want- ing; the third much longer, rigid, 5 -nerved, acuminate into a long awn; palet scarcely shorter, rigid, sulcate on the back. 2-nerved. Stamens 2. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose, elongated. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, in allusion to the minute outer scales. ] A monotypic genus of east- ern N. Am. I. Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. BRACHYELYTRUM. (I. F. f. 332.) Culms 39 dm. tall, pubescent at and near the nodes. Sheaths more or less villous, especially at the throat; leaves 5-12.5 cm. long, 6-18 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 5-15 cm. in length, slender, branches 2.5-7.5 cm. long, erect or appressed; outer scales of the spikelet unequal, the upper less than one-third as long as the flower- ing scale, the lower minute or wanting; third scale, exclusive of the awn, 9-12 mm. long, scabrous, especially on the midnerve, the awn erect, 1.8-2.4 cm. long. Moist places, Newf. to western Ont. and Minn., south to N. Car., Tenn. and Kans. July-Aug. 33. HELEOCHLOA Host. Perennial tufted grasses with flat leaves and spicate or paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets i-flowered. Scales 3 ; the 2 outer empty, somewhat unequal, membran- ous, acute, ciliate-keeled ; the third scale similar, a little longer ; palet shorter, hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, loosely enclosed in the scale. [Greek, signifying meadow-gras>.j 102 FLORA. About 8 species, chiefly natives of the Mediterranean region, one or two also widely distributed through middle Europe and Asia. i. Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host. RUSH CAT-TAIL GRASS. (I. F. f. 333.) Glabrous. Culms 1-4.5 dm. ta ^> branched, smooth; sheaths about half the length of the internodes, the upper loose, the one immediately below the spike inflated and usually partially enclosing it ; leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat, acuminate, smooth beneath, scabrous above ; spikelets 2.5 mm. long, the empty scales acute, compressed, ciliate-keeled, I -nerved ; third scale equalling or longer than the second, acute, compressed, ciliate-keeled, otherwise glabrous, i -nerved. In waste places, southern N. Y. to Del. Naturalized from Europe. July-Aug. 34. PHLEUM L. Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence. Spike- lets i -flowered. Scales 3 ; the 2 outer empty, membranous, compressed, keeled, the apex obliquely truncate, the midnerve produced into an awn ; the third scale much shorter, broader, hyaline, truncate, denticulate at the summit ; palet narrow, hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, somewhat elongated. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Name Greek, taken from Pliny ; originally applied to some very different plant.] About 10 species, inhab- iting the temperate zones of both hemispheres. The following only are natives of N. Am. The English name Cat-tail Grass is applied to all the species. Spikes usually elongated, cylindric ; awns less than one-half the length of the outer scales; upper sheath not inflated. i. P. pratense. Spikes not elongated, ovoid to oblong and cylindric ; awns about one-half the length of the outer scales ; upper sheath inflated. 2. P. alpinum. 1. Phleum pratense L. TIMOTHY. HERD-GRASS. (L F. f. 334.) Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so throughout. Culms 3-12 dm. tall, erect, simple; sheaths usually exceeding the internodes, sometimes shorter, the upper one long and not inflated, or very slightly so ; leaves 7.5-22.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, smooth or scabrous ; spike usually elongated, cylindric, 3-75-17-5 cm. in length, 5-8 mm. in diameter ; outer scales of the spikelet. exclusive of the awn, 2-5 mm. long, ciliate on the keel, the awn less than half their length. In fields and mead- ows nearly throughout N. Am. Also in Europe and Asia. Widely cultivated for hay. The scales are sometimes modified into small leaves. July-Aug. 2. Phleum alpinum L. MOUNTAIN PHLEUM. (I. F. f. 335.) Glabrous. Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect or sometimes decumbent at the base, simple, smooth; sheaths often much shorter than the internodes, sometimes longer, the upper one usually much inflated ; leaves smooth beneath, scabrous above, the lower 5~7-5 cm. long. 2-8 mm. wide ; upper leaf generally very short, less than 2.5 cm. long ; spike short, ovoid to oblong and cylindric, 1.25-5 cm. in length, 6-12 mm. in. diameter ; outer scales of the spikelet, exclusive of the awn, 3 mm. long, strongly ciliate on the keel, the awn about one-half their length. Lab. to Alaska, south to the mountains of N. H. , Vt. , Ariz, and Cal. Also in northern Europe and Asia and in Patagonia. Summer. 35. ALOPECURUS L. Annual or perennial grasses with erect or decumbent culms, usually flat leaves and spicate inflorescence. Spikelets i -flowered, flattened : scales 3, the 2 lower empty, acute, sometimes short-awned, more or less united below, compressed - keeled ; keel ciliate or somewhat winged ; third scale truncate or obtuse, hyaline. 3 -nerved, awned on the back, subtending a perfect flower and usually a palet ; palet hyaline, acute, sometimes wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct or rarely united at the base. Stigmas elongated, hairy. [Greek, signifying Fox-tail Grass, in allusion to the spikes.] About 20 species, principally natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in western N. Am. Outer scales of the spikelet united for one-half their length, smooth to hispid on the keel. i. A. agrestis. Outer scales of the spikelet united for one-quarter their length or less, long-ciliate on the keel. GRAMINEAE. IO3 Scales 2-2.5 mm ' m length. 2. A. geniculatus. Scales 4-6 mm. in length. Spike 3.75-6.25 cm. long ; outer scales glabrous'or sparingly pubescent on the lateral nerves. 3. A.pratensis. Spike 3.75 cm. long or less; outer scales villous. 4. A, alpinus. 1. Alopecurus agrestis L. SLENDER FOXTAIL. (I. F. f. 336.) Smooth or slightly scabrous ; culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, simple. Sheaths shorter than the internodes ; leaves 3.75-17.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous, especially above; spike 3.75-10 cm. long, 4-8 mm. thick ; outer scales of the spikelet united at the base for about half their length, narrowly wing-keeled, 4-5 mm. long, the nerves smooth or scabrous, sometimes hispid below, especially on the keel ; third scale equalling or slightly exceeding the outer ones, smooth and glabrous, the awn in- serted near the base, about twice its length, bent. In waste places and ballast, southern N. Y. and N. J. Adventive trom Europe. Native also of Asia. July- Aug. 2. Alopecurus geniculatus L. MARSH FOXTAIL. (I. F. f. 337.) Glabrous or very nearly so. Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent at the base ; sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, loose or somewhat inflated; leaves 2.5-15 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, scabrous, especially above; 2.5-7.5 cm. in length, 4-8 mm. thick; outer scales of the spikelet slightly united at the base, 2-2.5 mm - long, obtuse or subacute, smooth, glabrous except on the pubescent lat- eral nerves and strongly ciliate keel; third scale somewhat shorter, obtuse, smooth and glabrous, the awn inserted at or below the middle, equalling or exceeding it. In wet soil. Newf. to Br. Col., south to Fla., Tenn., Ariz, and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 3. Alopecurus pratensis L. MEADOW FOXTAIL. (I. F. f. 338.) Nearly or quite glabrous. Culms 3-6.25 dm. tall, erect, simple; sheaths usually much shorter than the internodes, loose or somewhat inflated; leaves 3.75-8.75 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous, at least above; spikes 3.75-6.25 cm. in length, 8-12 mm. thick; outer scales of the spikelet uniting at the base for about one-quarter their length, 4-6 mm. long, acute, glabrous except the sparingly pubescent lateral nerves and the strongly ciliate keel; third scale slightly shorter, obtuse, smooth and glabrous, the awn inserted about quarter way up the scale and exceeding it. In meadows, N. S. to southern N. Y. and Ohio. Naturalized from Europe. June-July. 4. Alopecurus alpinus J. E. Smith. ALPINE FOXTAIL. (I. F. f. 339.) Culms glabrous and smooth or nearly so, 1.25-6 dm. tall, erect, sometimes decum- bent at the base, simple. Sheaths generally shorter than the internodes, loose, often inflated; leaves 2.5-17.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous above; spike 3.75 cm. in length or less, 6-12 mm. thick; outer scales of the spikelet united only at the base, 4 mm. long, obtuse, villous and ciliate; third scale about equalling the outer ones, obtuse, glabrous except at the villous apex, the awn inserted about one-third the way up, a little exceeding the scale. Green- land and Lab. to Alaska. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 36. PHfpPSIA R. Br. A low annual tufted grass, with flat leaves and spike-like panicles. Spikelets I -flowered ; scales 3 ; the 2 outer empty, minute, the first often wanting ; the third scale thin-membranous, keeled. Palet somewhat shorter, 2 -keeled. Stamen I, rarely 2 or 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, enclosed in the scale and palet, which readily split and allow it to drop out. [In honor of John Constantine Phipps, 1744-1792, arctic navigator.] A monotypic genus of the arctic regions. I. Phippsia algida (Soland.) R. Br. PHIPPSIA. (I. F, f. 340.) Smooth and glabrous throughout. Culms 2.5-12.5 cm. tall, erect, simple ; leaves 2.5 cm. in length or less, 0.5-2 mm. wide, obtuse ; panicle 6-35 mm. in length, contracted ; branches 6-18 mm. long, erect or appressed ; spikelets 1-1.5 mm - l n g 5 outer scales minute, unequal, acutish, the first often wanting ; third scale broad, I -nerved, obtuse, or subtruncate and somewhat erose, the palet about two-thirds as long, broad, 2-keeled, erose-truncate. Arctic regions of both the Old World and the New. Summer. 104 FLORA. 37. SPORO'BOLUS R. Br. Perennial or rarely annual grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and open or contracted panicles. Spikelets generally small, I -flowered, occasionally 2-3- flowered. Scales in the I -flowered spikelets 3, membranous ; the 2 outer empty, the first somewhat shorter ; the third scale equalling or longer than the empty ones ; palet 2-nerved. Stamens 2-3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, and often early deciduous. [Greek, referring to the deciduous grain.] About 80 species, in tropical and temperate regions, very numerous in America. Besides the following, 4 or 5 others occur in the southern and western U. S. Panicle contracted, spike-like. Spikelets more than 3.5 mm. in length. Panicle terminal; upper sheaths 7.5 cm. long or more. Leaves glabrous or very nearly so. Third scale of the spikelet acuminate, much longer than the second and usually greatly exceeded by the palet. i. S. asper. Third scale of the spikelet acutish or obtuse, somewhat exceeding the second and equalling or a little shorter than the palet. 2. S. longifolius. Leaves, at least the lower, papillose-hirsute. 3. S. pilosus. Panicles terminal and lateral ; sheaths 3.75 cm. long or less. 4. S. vaginaeflorus. Spikelets 3 mm. long or less. Sheaths inflated, the uppermost usually enclosing the base of the panicle. 5. S. neglectus. Sheaths not inflated ; panicle exserted. Branches of the panicle not crowded ; third scale acuminate. Outer scales of the spikelet obtuse or abruptly acute, less than half as long as the third scale ; ligule about 2 mm. long, acutish. 6. S. brevifolius. Outer scales of the spikelet acuminate and awn-pointed, more than half as long as the third scale ; ligule less than 0.5 mm. long, erose- truncate. 7. S. cuspidatus. Branches of the panicle densely crowded ; third scale acute. Culms decumbent and branched at the base, from a stout horizontal rootstock ; panicle short, 8. S. Virginicus. Culms erect, simple, tufted; panicle usually elongated. 9. S. Indicus. Panicle open, its branches more or less spreading, at least at maturity. First scale one-half as long as the second or less. Branches of the panicle verticillate. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long, green. 10. S. argutus. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm - lon g purple. n. S. ejuncidus. Branches of the panicle alternate or sometimes subverticillate. Spikelets about 2 mm. long ; first scale lanceolate. Pedicels equalling or shorter than the spikelets ; first scale acute. Sheaths naked or sparingly ciliate at the throat ; panicle usually exserted. 12. S. air aides. Sheaths densely pilose at the throat; base of the panicle generally included. 13. S. cryptandrus. Pedicels much longer than the spikelets ; first'scale narrow, acuminate. 17. S. Texanus. Spikelets 4-5.5 mm. long ; first scale subulate, usually awned. 14. S. heterolepis. First scale about equalling the second. Perennials ; culms from long rootstocks. Culms erect, simple ; leaves elongated. 15. S. Torreyanus. Culms decumbent and branched below ; leaves short. 16. S. asperifolius. Annuals ; roots fibrous, no rootstocks. Empty scales but little shorter than the flowering scale, usually pubescent. 18. S. confusus. Empty scales one-half as long as the flowering scale, glabrous. 19. S. serotinus. I. Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth. ROUGH RUSH-GRASS. (I. F. f. 341.) Culms 6-15 dm. tall, erect. Leaves 7.5-35 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide at the base, GRAMINEAE. 1 05 attenuate into a long slender involute tip, smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous above, or somewhat hairy at the base; panicle 5-12.5 cm. in length, linear, strict, its branches 2.5-5 cm - l n g> appressed ; spikelets 6-8 mm. long, the outer scales unequal, acute ; third scale pubescent at the base, much longer than the second and greatly exceeded by the long-acuminate almost awned palet. In dry soil, Del. to 111., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 2. Sporobolus longifolius (Torr.) Wood. LONG-LEAVED RUSH-GRASS. (I. F. f. 342.) Culms 4.5-10 dm. tall, erect, occasionally branched. Leaves i- 4.5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide at the base, attenuate into a long slender involute tip, smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous and hairy at the base above; panicle more or less included in the upper sheath, 7.5-25 cm. in length, linear, strict, the branches 2.5-5 cm - l n S> erec ^ ; spikelets 4-5 mm. long ; outer scales unequal, acutish, glabrous, the lower shorter; third scale glabrous, acutish or obtuse, exceed- ing the second and equalling or a little shorter than the obtuse palet. In dry soil, Me. to Perm., Neb. and Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 3. Sporobolus pilosus Vasey. HAIRY RUSH-GRASS. (I. F. f. 343.) Culms 3-4.5 dm. tall, erect, rigid, stout. Leaves 7.5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide at base, erect, rigid, attenuate into a slender involute tip, the lower papillose-hirsute on both sides, the upper usually glabrous beneath, scabrous above and somewhat hairy near the base; panicle 5-7.5 cm. in length, included at the base, erect, strict, its branches 1.25-2.5 cm. long, erect; spikelets 5 mm. long, the outer scales unequal, glabrous, obtuse, the lower shorter; third scale obtuse, glabrous, somewhat exceed- ing the second and equalling or a little longer than the obtuse palet. In dry soil, Kans. and Mo. Aug. -Sept. 4. Sporobolus vaginaeflorus (Torr.) Wood. SHEATHED RUSH-GRASS. (I. F. f. 344.) Culms 2-4.5 dm - tall > erect, slender. Sheaths usually inflated; leaves 2 mm. wide or less, smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous and hairy near the base above, attenuate into a slender involute point, the lower elongated, the up- per 2.5-7.5 cm. long, setaceous; panicles 1.8-5 cm - m length, the terminal one ex - serted or sometimes partiallv included, strict, the branches 1.25 cm. long or less, erect, the lateral ones enclosed in the sheaths; spikelets 3.5-4.5 mm. long, the outer scales unequal, acuminate, the third scale scabrous, sparingly appressed- pubescent, about as long as the second and equalling or slightly exceeded by the very acute palet. In dry soil, N. H. to N. Y., 111. and Neb., south to Ga. and Tex. Aug.- Sept. 5. Sporobolus neglectus Nash. SMALL RUSH-GRASS. (I. F. f. 345.) Culms 1.5-3 dm. * a ^> erect from a usually decumbent base, slender. Sheaths inflated; leaves 2 mm. wide or less at the base, smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous and hairy near the base above, attenuate into a slender point, the lower elongated, the upper 2.5-7.5 cm. long, setaceous; terminal panicle 2.5-6.25 cm. in length, usually more or less included in the upper sheath, strict; lateral panicles enclosed in the sheaths; spikelets' about 3 mm. long, the outer scales acute, the third scale acute, glabrous, a little longer than the second and about equalling the acute palet. In dry soil, Mass, to Ky., Neb. and Kans. Aug. -Sept. 6. Sporobolus brevifolius (Nutt.) Nash. SHORT - LEAVED RUSH -GRASS. I. F. f. 346.) Smooth and glabrous; culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, arising from a hori- zontal rootstock, erect, slender, decumbent and branching at the base. Leaves 1.25-5 cm - l n g involute-setaceous; panicle 1.25-7.5 cm. in length, usually about 3.75 cm., linear, its branches 6-12 mm. long, erect or appressed; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, the outer scales unequal, less than half as long as the third, obtuse or abruptly acute, scabrous on the keel and at the apex; third scale long-acuminate, sometimes cuspidate, scabrous toward the apex. Anticosti Isl. and Me. to Br. Col.. south in the mountains to N. Mex. and Cal. Summer. 7. Sporobolus cuspidatus (Torr.) Wood. PRAIRIE RUSH-GRASS. (I. F. f. 347.) Smooth and glabrous; culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, simple or somewhat branched. Leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, less than 2 mm. wide at the base, erect, in- volute-setaceous, at least when dry; panicle 3.75-12.5 cm. in length, slender, its branches 6-25 mm. long, appressed; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, the outer scales half to three-quarters as long, acuminate or cuspidate, scabrous on the ket-1; third scale long-acuminate and cuspidate, sparingly scabrous. In dry soil, Manitoba to the N. W. Terr., south to Mo. and Kans. Aug. -Sept. IO6 FLORA. 8. Sporobolus Virginicus (L.) Kunth. SEASHORE RUSH-GRASS. (I. F. f. 348.) Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect or sometimes decumbent, from a stout rootstock. Sheaths numerous, short, overlapping and crowded at the lower part of the culm, smooth, glabrous or sometimes pilose on the margins and at the throat; leaves 2.5- 20 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less at the base, distichous, acuminate into a long point, involute on the margins and at the apex, smooth beneath, scabrous above or some- times sparingly hairy; panicle 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 4-10 mm. thick, dense and spike- like, usually exserted; spikelets 2-2.5 mm> l n g> tne outer scales about equal, acute, smooth and glabrous; third scale smooth and glabrous, acute, slightly shorter than the second and about equalling the obtuse palet. On sandy shores, Va. to Fla., west to Tex. and Mex., Also in Cuba. Aug. -Sept. o Sporobolus Indicus (L.) R. Br. INDIA RUSH-GRASS. SMUT-GRASS. (I. F f. 349.) Glabrous and smooth throughout. Culms 3-12 dm. tall, erect, tufted ; leaves 2-6 mm. wide, attenuate into a long slender point, the lower 2-3 dm. long, the upper shorter; panicle 1-4 dm. in length, usually elongated, narrow, spike-like; spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long, the outer scales unequal, about half as long as the third, obtuse, smooth and glabrous, the lower one shorter, and often erose-truncate; third scale acute, somewhat exceeding the obtuse or acutish palet. In meadows and waste places, Va. to Fla., west to Ark. and Cal. Naturalized from tropical regions; very abundant in Cent. andS. Am. July-Sept. 10. Sporobolus argutus (Nees) Kunth. POINTED DROPSEED-GRASS. (I. F. f. 350.) Culms 3 dm. tall or less, erect, or somewhat decumbent at the base. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, their margins sometimes hirsute at the top; leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide at the base, acuminate, smooth and glabrous be- neath, scabrous, and often sparingly hairy at the base above; panicle 3.75-7.5 cm. in length, the branches 1.25-2.5 cm. long, verticillate, at first appressed, finally widely spreading; spikelets 1.5 mm. long; outer scales smooth and glab- rous, the first rounded or obtuse, one-quarter the length of the acute second one; third scale about equalling the second, acute. Kans., the Ind. Terr, and Colo., south to Tex. and Mex. Also in the West Indies. July-Sept. 11. Sporobolus ejuncidus Nash. PURPLE DROPSEED-GRASS. WIRE- GRASS. (I. F. f. 351.) Glabrous and smooth throughout. Culms 3-6 dm. tall, tufted, erect, slender, simple; leaves filiform or setaceous, the basal 1.5-3 dm. long, numerous, those of the culm few, 2.5-7.5 cm. long; panicle 7.5-17.5 cm. in length, open, the branches verticillate, the lower 2. 5-5 cm. long, widely spreading; spikelets 2.5-3 mm - l n g> purple, the outer scales very unequal, the first obtuse or acutish, one-fourth to one-third the length of the acute second one; third scale sub- acute or blunt, equalling the second and the obtuse palet. Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla., west to Tex. Aug.-Sept. {Sporobolus jitnceus (Mx.) Kth. ; not Agrostis juncea Lam.). 12. Sporobolus airoides Torr. HAIR-GRASS DROPSEED. (I. F. f. 352.) Culms 4.5-9 dm. tall, erect, simple. Leaves smooth beneath, scabrous above and sometimes sparingly hairy near the base, 1-3 mm. wide at the base, attenuate into a long slender involute point, the basal about one-half as long as the culm, the upper culm leaves 5-12.5 cm. in length; panicle 1.25-4 dm. long, usually exserted, the branches alternate or the upper verticillate, at length widely spreading, the lower 7.517-5 cm. long; spikelets 1.52 mm. long, the scales acute, glabrous, the outer unequal, the lower one about half as long as the upper; third scale equalling the second and the palet. Prairies, Neb. to Cal., south to Tex. and Ariz. Aug.- Sept. 13. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray. SAND DROPSEED. (I. F. f. 353.) Culms 4.5-10.5 dm. tall, erect. Sheaths with a dense pilose ring at the summit, the lower short, crowded and overlapping, the upper much longer, gen- erally enclosing the base of the panicle; leaves 7.5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide. flat, glabrous beneath, scabrous above, long-acuminate; panicle 1.5-2.5 dm. in length, the branches spreading or ascending, alternate, the lower 3.75-7.5 cm. long; spike- lets 2-2.5 mm - l n g> tne scales acute, glabrous, the outer scabrous on the keel, the lower one-third as long as the upper; third scale somewhat longer or shorter than the second. In sandy soil, coast of N. E., along all the Great Lakes, west to Dak., south in the interior to Mo., Tex. and Mex. Aug. -Oct. 14. Sporobolus heterolepis A. Gray. NORTHERN DROPSEED. (I. F. f. 354.) GRAMINEAE. IO; Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect. Leaves involute-setaceous, glabrous, the margins and upper part of the midrib very rough, the basal about three-fourths the length of the culm, occasionally equalling it, those of the culm shorter; panicle 7.5-25 cm. in length, its branches erect or ascending, alternate or subverticillate, the lower 3.75- 8.75 cm. long; spikelets 4-5.5 mm. long, the scales smooth and glabrous, the outer unequal, acuminate, the lower subulate, about half the length of the broad second one, often awn-pointed; third scale obtuse or acute, shorter than the second or occasionally equalling it. In dry soil, Quebec to Assiniboia, south to Penn., 111., Neb. and Ark. Aug. -Sept. 15. Sporobolus Torreyanus (R. & S.) Nash. FLAT-STEMMED DROPSEED. (I. F. f. 356.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall, from a horizontal rootstock, stout, simple, much compressed, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths compressed, overlapping, some- times scabrous at the summit; leaves 1.25-2.5 dm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, folded, slightly rough; panicle 1-2.5 dm. in length, the branches erect or ascend- ing, the lower 5-7.5 cm. long; spikelets about 1.75 mm. long; outer scales sub- equal, obtuse or somewhat acute, smooth and glabrous; third scale obtuse and apiculate, strongly scabrous, slightly exceeding the outer ones. In bogs, L. I. and in the pine barrens of N. J. Sept.-Oct. (Sporobolus compressus (Torr.) Kth. Not Agrostis compressa Willd. ) 1 6. Sporobolus asperifdlius Nees & Meyen. ROUGH-LEAVED DROPSEED. (I. F. f. 357.) Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect from a decumbent and branched base. Sheaths short, crowded and overlapping; leaves numerous, 2.5-8.75 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide at the base, acuminate, strict, often erect, flat, glabrous, smooth be- neath, very rough above; panicle 7.5-20 cm. in length, included at the base, rarely entirely exserted, the capillary branches spreading or ascending, the lower 5-10 cm. long; spikelets occasionally 2-3-flowered, 1.5 mm. long; outer scales subequal, acute, glabrous, sparingly scabrous; third scale obtuse or acute, glabrous, somewhat ex- ceeding the second. Dry soil, Assiniboia to Br. Col., south to Mo., Neb., Cal. and Mex. Aug. -Sept. 17. Sporobolus Texanus Vasey. TEXAS DROPSEED. Culms 3-6 dm. tall, branching below. Sheaths crowded, the lower ones papillose-hirsute; leaves erect, firm, 4-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, smooth beneath, very rough above; panicle included at the base, the upper branches finally widely spreading, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets a little exceeding 2 mm. long, on long slender pedicels; scales smooth and glabrous, the first scale narrow, acuminate, less than one-half as long as the second, which equals the third scale. Kans. (according to B. B. Smyth) to Tex. and N. Mex. Aug. 18. Sporobolus confusus Vasey. Culms tufted, 1-3 dm. tall, slender, from an annual root. Leaves 14 cm. long, 1.5 mm. or less wide ; panicle open, 3 20 cm. long, its slender branches spreading or ascending, the longer 1.5-4 cm. long; spikelets 1.25-1.5 mm. long, on capillary pedicels which are abruptly thickened at the apex, the empty scales shorter than the flowering scale, glabrous or pubescent, the flowering scale usually pubescent, sometimes glabrous. Neb. (according to Rydberg) and Colo, to Tex., Ariz, and Mex. July-Sept. 19. Sporobolus serotinus (Torr.) A. Gray. LATE-FLOWERING DROPSEED. (I. F. f, 355.) Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so. Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, from an annual root, erect, slender; sheaths short, confined to the lower part of the culm ; leaves I mm. wide or less, slightly scabrous above, flat, the basal one-third to half the length of the culm, those of the culm 5-10 cm. long ; panicle 7.5-22.5 cm. in length, the branches capillary, erect or ascending, the lower 2.5-6.25 cm. long; spikelets about 1.25 mm. long, the outer scales subequal, obtuse, smooth or sometimes sparingly scabrous ; third scale twice the length of the outer ones, acuminate. In wet sandy soil, Maine to Mich., south to N. J. Sept. -Oct. 38. POLYPOGON Desf. Mostly annual grasses, with decumbent or rarely erect culms, flat leaves and spike-like panicles. Spikelets I -flowered ; scales 3 ; the 2 outer empty, each ex- tended into an awn ; third scale smaller, generally hyaline, short-awned from be- low the apex, subtending a palet and perfect flower ; palet shorter than the scale. Stamens 1-3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed \\\ 108 ; FLORA. the scale and palet. [Greek, in allusion to the many long awns which resemble a beard.] About 10 species, widely distributed in temperate and warm regions, rare in the tropics. i. Polypogon Monspeliensis (L.) Desf. BEARD-GRASS. (I. F. f. 358.) Culms 6 dm. tall or less, erect from a usually decumbent base. Leaves 3.75-15 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, scabrous, especially above; panicle 2.5-10 cm. in length, dense and spike-like, the branches 1.25 cm. in length, ascending; spikelets crowded; outer scales about 2 mm. long, obtuse, slightly bifid, scabrous, bearing a more or less bent awn 4-6 mm. long; third scale much shorter, erose-truncate, hyaline, bearing a delicate awn about 0.5 mm. long, inserted below the apex. In waste places, N. H. to S. Car., mostly near the coast. Very abundant in western N. Am., from Br. Col. to Mex. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. July-Sept. 39. ARCTAGROSTIS Griseb. A perennial grass with flat leaves and contracted panicle. Spikelets I -flow- ered. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, unequal, somewhat acute, membranous; the third scale exceeding the second, subtending a palet and perfect flower, obtuse; palet obtuse, 2-nerved. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Latin, signifying an arctic Agrostis-\ik.o. grass.] A monotypic genus of arctic and subarctic regions. i. Arctagrostis latifolia (R. Br.) Griseb. ARCTAGROSTIS. (I. F. f. 359.) Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent at the base, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; leaves 2.5-17.5 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, usually erect, scabrous; panicle 3.75-20 cm. long, narrow, its branches 1.25-5 cm. in length, ascending or erect; spikelets 3-4 mm. long; outer scales un- equal, acutish, the lower about two-thirds to three -fourths the length of the upper; third scale obtuse, exceeding the second, hispid on the keel. Greenland to Hud- son Bay and Alaska. Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. 40. CINNA L. Tall grasses with flat leaves and panicled spikelets. Spikelets I -flowered. Scales 3 ; the 2 outer empty, keeled, acute ; the third scale similar, but usually short - awned on the back, subtending a palet and a stalked perfect flower; palet a little shorter, I -nerved. Stamen I. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain narrow, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. Seed adherent -to the pericarp. [Greek, taken from Dioscorides.] Four known species, inhabiting the temperate regions of Europe and N. Am. Besides the following, another occurs in the west- ern U. S. Panicle narrow at maturity, its filiform branches erect or. drooping ; spikelets 4-5 mm. long ; first scale much shorter than the second. i. C. artindinacea. Panicle open, its capillary branches flexuous and drooping; spikelets 3 mm. long; first scale about equalling the second. 2. C. latifolia. 1. Cinna arundinacea L. WOOD REED-GRASS. (I. F. f. 360.) Culms 6-15 dm. tall, erect. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. l n g> 4~ J 4 mm - wide, scabrous; panicle 1.5-3 dm. in length, usually contracted, sometimes purple, the filiform branches erect or drooping, the lower 3.75-11.25 cm. long; spikelets 4-5 mm. in length, the scales acute, scabrous, especially on the keel, the first one shorter than the second; third scale slightly exceeded or equalled by the second, usually bearing an awn about 0.5 mm. long from the 2 -toothed apex. In moist woods and swamps, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., south to N. Car., La., Mo. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 2. Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. SLENDER WOOD REED-GRASS. (I. F. f. 361.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect. Leaves 1-2.5 dm. l n g 4- I2 mm - wide, sca- brous; panicle 1.252.5 dm. in length, open, the capillary branches generally spreading, flexuous and often drooping, the lower 3.75-12.5 cm. in length; spike- lets 3 mm. long; scales scabrous, the outer acute, strongly hispid on the keel, the first about equalling the second; third scale usually exceeded by the second and bear- GRAMINEAE. IOQ mg a rough awn 1-2 mm. long from the 2-toothed apex. In damp woods, Newf. to Br. Col., south to N. J., in the Alleghanies to N. Car., toWis., and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo, and Utah. Also in Northern Europe. Aug.-Sept. 41. AGROSTIS L. Annual or perennial tufted grasses with flat or bristle-like leaves and panicu- late inflorescence. Spikelets I -flowered. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, membra- nous, keeled, acute; the third shorter, obtuse, hyaline, sometimes bearing a dorsal awn, subtending a perfect flower; palet shorter than the scale, sometimes minute or wanting. Stamens usually 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Name Greek, refer- ring to the field habitat of many species.] A genus of about 100 species, widely distributed throughout the world, particularly numerous in temperate regions. Besides the following, some 15 others are found in western N. Am. Palet conspicuous, at least one-third as long as the scale. Panicle open, its branches long and usually spreading. i. A. alba. Panicle dense and contracted, spike-like, its branches short and appressed. 2. A. coarctata. Palet inconspicuous, minute or wanting. Branches of the contracted panicle short, spikelet-bearing to the base ; third scale awnless. 3. A. asperifolia. Branches of the panicle slender, naked below, spikelet-bearing; from about the middle to the end. Third scale awned. Awn very finely filiform, barbellate, at least twice the length of the spikelet. 4. A, Elliottiana. Awn stouter, glabrous, rigid, usually bent, less than twice the length of the spikelet. Branches of the panicle generally ascending ; spikelets 2 mm. long. Culms 1.5 dm. or less *all ; panicle 2.5 cm. or less long; a tufted alpine grass. 5. A. rupestris. Culms 3-6 dm. tall ; panicle exceeding 5 cm. long. 6. A. canina. Branches of the panicle usually spreading; spikelets 2.5-3 mra - long. 7. A. rubra. Third scale not awned, or very rarely bearing a short awn. Culms weak, usually decumbent and often prostrate at base ; leaves lax ; spikelets 1.5 mm. long. 8. A. perennans. Culms and leaves erect. Branches of the panicle capillary, elongated, usually dividing above the middle, the spikelets crowded at the extremities. Spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long ; leaves short. 9. A. hyemalis. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm - l n g ? leaves elongated. 10. A. altissima. Branches of the panicle not elongated, dividing at or below the middle. Spikelets about 2 mm. long ; a grass of low elevations. 11. A. intermedia. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm - l n g 5 a high-mountain grajs. 12. A. Novae- An gliae* 1. Agrostis alba L. RED-TOP. FIORIN. HERD-GRASS. (I. F. f. 362.) Culms 2-7.5 dm. * a ^> erect or decumbent at the base, often stoloniferous, simple, smooth and glabrous. Leaves 5-20 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous ; panicle 5-22.5 cm. in length, usually open, or sometimes contracted after flowering, green or purplish, the branches ascending or erect, the lower 2.5-7.5 cm. long; spikelets 2-2.5 mm - l n g> outer scales about equal, acute, smooth and glabrous, except on the hispid or scabrous keel; third scale shorter, obtuse or acute, the palet at least one-third its length. A most variable species, occurring in fields and meadows nearly throughout N. Am., extensively cultivated for fodder. Naturalized from Europe, and perhaps also native northward. July-Sept. 2. Agrostis coarctata Ehrh. DENSE-FLOWERED BENT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 362a.) Glabrous. Culms tufted, erect, or decumbent at the base and often root- ing at the lower nodes, 3-5 dm. tall, at length branching; leaves erect, rough on 110 FLORA. both surfaces, 3.75-8.75 cm. long, 3 mm. or less wide; panicle dense and con- traded, 3.75-10 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, its branches erect, the longer 3.1 cm. longer less; spikelets 2-2.5 mm - l n g; empty scales acute, the flowering scale about three-quarters as long as the spikelet, denticulate at the truncate or rounded apex; palet about one-half as long as the scale. Me. to N. J. Also in Europe. July-Sept. 3. Agrostis asperifolia Trin. ROUGH-LEAVED BENT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 363.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent at the base. Leaves 2. 5-20 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, generally erect, flat, very rough; panicle contracted, 6.25-25 cm. in length, often interrupted or glomerate, the branches 3.75-7.5 cm. in length, erect, spikelet-bearing to the base; spikelets crowded, 2-2.5 mm - l n g> the outer scales scabrous, especially on the keel; third scale about three-fourths the length of the second; palet minute. Manitoba to Wash., south to Wis., Neb., Tex. and Cal. Aug.-Sept. (A. exarata Trin. in part.) 4. Agrostis Elliottiana Schultes. ELLIOTT'S BENT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 364.) Culms 1.25-3.5 dm. tall, erect, slender. Leaves rough, 1.25-5 cm - l n g> 2 mm - wide or less; panicle 5-12.5 cm. in length, usually narrow, sometimes open, the branches slender, naked below, erect or ascending, the lower 2.5-3.75 cm. long; spikelets 1.5 mm. long; outer scales subequal, scabrous on the keel, acute; third scale about three-quarters as long as the first, erose-truncate, acute or 2 -toothed, bearing a very finely filiform flexuous barbellate awn, 2-4 times its length, inserted just below the apex; palet short. In dry soil, S. Car. to Ky. and Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. May-July. 5. Agrostis rupestris Allioni. ROCK BENT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 365a.) Culms tufted, 1.5 dm. tailor less, slender, erect, or decumbent at the base. Leaves smooth and glabrous, those on the culm 2.5 cm. or less long, the basal leaves from one-third to one-half as long as the culms; panicle contracted, 2.5 cm. or less long, its axis and branches smooth, the latter erect or nearly so, spikelet-bearing above the middle; spikelets about 2 mm. long; flowering scale hyaline, denticulate at the obtuse or truncate apex, bearing about the middle a dorsal scabrous awn a little over 2 mm. long; palet wanting. Lab. and the high mountains of Nev. Also in Europe. Summer. 6. Agrostis canina L. BROWN BENT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 365.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, slender, simple. Leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. in length, 2 mm. wide or less, scabrous; panicle 5-17.5 cm. in length, contracted in fruit, the branches slender, naked below, ascending or spreading in flower, the lower 2.5-6.25 cm. long; spike- lets 2 mm. long, on appressed pedicels, the outer scales subequal, acute, strongly scabrous on the keel ; third scale about two-thirds the length of the first, obtuse, smooth and glabrous, bearing a straight or somewhat bent dorsal awn 2-4 mm. long, inserted just above the middle; palet minute or none. In meadows, Newf. to Alaska, south to Penn. and Tenn. Native northward; naturalized from Europe southward. A variable species. July. -Sept. 7. Agrostis rubra L. RED BENT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 366.) Smooth or very nearly so, glabrous. Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect or sometimes decumbent at the base, simple ; leaves 5-10 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide ; panicle 6.25-12.5 cm. in length, open, the branches generally widely spreading and more or less flexuous, rarely erect, the lower 2.5-6.25- cm. long; spikelets 2.5-3 mm - l n g> tne outer scales acute, scabrous on the keel; third scale shorter than the first, obtuse, bearing a usually bent dorsal awn 4-5 mm. long, inserted below the middle. Summits of the highest mountains of N. E., N. Y. and N. Car. The American plant may be specifi- cally different from the European. Summer. 8. Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. THIN-GRASS. (I. F. f. 367.) Culms 3-7.5 dm. long from a decumbent or prostrate base, weak, slender, simple or sparingly branched above, smooth and glabrous. Leaves 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, lax. scabrous; panicle 1-2 dm. in length, open, the branches 2.5-5 cm. long, widely spreading, the branchlets and pedicels divergent; spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long, the outer scales acute, scabrous on the keel; third scale about three- quarters the length of the first, smooth and glabrous, not awned; palet small or wanting. In shaded, damp places, Quebec and Ont. to Wis., south to S. Car. and Kans. Panicle usually light green, sometimes purplish. July-Sept. 9. Agrostis hy emalis (Walt.) B. S. P. ROUGH HAIR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 368.) GRAMINEAE. Ill Culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, slender. Leaves 5-12. 5 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, usually erect, roughish; panicle 1.5-6 dm. long, usually purplish, the capillary scabrous branches ascending, sometimes widely spreading, or often drooping, the lower 7.5-15 cm. long, dividing above the middle, the divisions spikelet-bearing at the extremities; spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long, the outer scales acute, scabrous toward the apex and on the keel; third scale two-thirds the length of the first or equalling it, obtuse, rarely bearing a short awn; palet usually very small. In dry or moist soil throughout nearly the whole of N. Am. except the extreme north. July-Aug. 10. Agrostis altissima (Walt.) Tuckerm. TALL BENT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 369.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect. Leaves elongated, 1.5-3 dm. in length, 2-3 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1.75-2.25 dm. long, the branches ascending or erect, somewhat scabrous, the lower 5-10 cm. in length, spikelet-bearing at the extremities; spike- lets 2.5-3 mm. long, the outer scales acute, scabrous on the keel; third scale shorter, obtuse, scabrous, occasionally bearing a short awn ; palet small or wanting. In sandy swamps, N. J. to Fla. and Ala. Panicle usually purplisfi. Aug.-Oct 11. Agrostis intermedia Scribn. UPLAND BENT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 370.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect. Sheaths smooth, those at the base of the culm often crowded and overlapping; leaves 1-2.25 dm. l n g> 2 ~6 mm - wide, scabrous; pan- icle 1-2. 25 dm. in length, the branches 3. 75-7. 5 cm. long, ascending, dividing atthe middle or below, the divisions divergent, the pedicels appressed; spikelets about 2 mm. long, the outer scales acute or acuminate, scabrous on the keel ; third scale about three -fourths the length of the first, smooth; palet small or wanting. In dry soil, Mass, to N. Y., Tenn. and Mo. Aug.-Oct. 12. Agrostis Novae-Angliae Tuckerm. NEW ENGLAND BENT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 371.) Culms 2-4 dm. tall, erect. Sheaths longer than the internodes, generally overlapping; leaves 2. 5-8. 75 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, erect, usually involute, scabrous; panicle 1-2 dm. in length, open, the branches spreading or as- cending, dividing at or below the middle, the divisions divergent, the pedicels often appressed; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, the outer scales acute, strongly scabrous on the keel; third scale somewhat shorter, obtuse. Newf., south to the high mountains of N. E., N. Y. andN. Car. 4a. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Generally perennial grasses, various in habit, with flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets i-flowered, the rachilla usually prolonged beyond the flower and pubescent. Scales 3 ; the 2 outer empty, carinate, membranous ; the third scale hyaline, shorter than the outer, obtuse, usually copiously long-hairy at the base, or rarely the hairs scanty or short, and bearing a straight, bent, or twisted dorsal awn ; palet shorter, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Greek, signifying Reed-grass. ] A genus of about 130 species, widely distributed throughout temperate and mountainous regions, and particularly numerous in the Andes. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the western parts of N. Am. The English name Small-reed is applied to any of the species. Prolongation of the rachilla hairy its whole length. Awn strongly bent, manifestly exserted, the hairs of the callus much shorter than the scale. Sheaths usually naked at the summit, rarely bearded ; panicle tinged with purple ; empty scales rather thick. i . C. breviseta. Sheaths bearded at the summit ; panicle pale ; empty scales thin. Spikelets 4-6 mm. long ; callus-hairs sparse ; palet equalling the scale or nearly so. 2. C. Porteri. Spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long; callus-hairs rather copious; palet considerably shorter than the scale. 3. C. nemoralis. Awn straight or nearly so, included, the hairs of the callus equalling or but little shorter than the scale. Panicle open, the lower rays widely spreading. Spikelets 4-6 mm. long, very acuminate. 4. C. Langsdorfii. Spikelets 3-4 mm. long ; panicle usually loosely flowered. 5. C. Canadensis. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm - l n gf ; panicle rather densely flowered. 6. C. Macouniana, 112 FLORA. Panicle more or less contracted. Culms and almost filiform leaves soft, not rigid. 7. C. neglecta. Culms and wider leaves hard, more or less rigid. Panicle elongated, rather loosely flowered ; culms not tufted or but little so. 8. C. inexpansa. Panicle short, dense and spike-like ; culms strongly tufted. Panicle narrow, much interrupted below ; awn much shorter than the scale. 9. C. Labradorica. Panicle thick, continuous or but little interrupted ; awn about equalling the scale. 10. C. hyperborea. Prolongation of the rachilla hairy only at the summit. n. C. cinnoides. 1. Calamagrostis breviseta (A. Gray) Scribn. PICKERING'S REED-GRASS. (I. F. f. 376.) Culms 3-4.5 dm. tall, erect, rigid, simple, scabrous below the pani- cle. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, the lower overlapping, the upper one elongated; leaves 3.75-10 cm. long, 4 mm. wide, erect, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle 7.5-11.25 cm. in length, the branches ascending or erect, the lower 2.5-3.75 cm. long; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, purple tinged, the outer scales acute, scabrous on the keel; third scale shorter than the second, obtuse, scabrous, the basal hairs very short; awn bent, not twisted, equalling or slightly exceeding the scale. In wet places, Cape Breton Isl. to N. H. and Mass. Occurs in the alpine regions of the White Mts. Aug. -Sept. Calamagrostis breviseta d^bilis Kearney. Differs from the above in its softer texture, usually lower and more slender culms, thinner leaves, smaller panicles and the narrower and thinner empty scales. Newf. to Mass. Calamagrostis breviseta laciistris Kearney. Differs from the species in its stouter rootstock and taller culms, which are usually 5-10 dm. tall, in its often longer panicle, its shorter palet and the copious and longer callus hairs of the flowering scale. Mountains of N. E.; also along the Great Lakes from Ont. to Minn. 2. Calamagrostis Pdrteri A. Gray. PORTER'S REED-GRASS. (I. F. f. 375.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths slightly sca- brous, with a villous ring at the summit; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, rough; panicle 1-2 dm. in length, the branches erect, the lower 2.5-5 cm - l n g; spikelets 4-6 mm. long, the outer scales strongly scabrous, acute; third scale shorter than or equalling the second, obtuse, scabrous, the basal hairs less than one-half the length of the scale, sparse ; awn bent, about equalling the scale, the lower part much twisted. In dry woods, Penn. and southern N. Y. Aug. -Sept. 3. Calamagrostis nemoralis Kearney. WOOD REED-GRASS. Slightly glau- cous. Culms 10-15 dm. tall, rather slender; sheaths loosely embracing the culm, usually tomentose at the apex, glabrous; leaves 3-6 mm. wide, flat, very rough on both surfaces, the lower ones and those on the innovations 2-3.5 dm. l n g> panicle 1-1.5 dm. l n g> contracted; spikelets numerous, 3.5-4 mm. long, the empty scales acuminate, the awn of the flowering scale attached about one-fifth above the base, slightly exceeding the scale, stout, bent near the middle, the palet about three- fifths as long as the scale. Woods, Me. and western N. Y. 4. Calamagrostis Langsdorfii (Link) Trin. LANGSDORF'S REED-GRASS. (I. F. f. 374-) Culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth or roughish. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; leaves 13 dm. long, 48 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 5-15 cm. in length, the branches ascending or sometimes erect, the lower 2.5-5 cm - long, naked at the base; spikelets 4-6 mm. long, the outer scales acuminate, strongly scabrous; the third scale equalling or shorter than the second, scabrous, the stout awn as long as or a little exceeding the copious basal hairs which are usually somewhat shorter than the scale. Newf. to Alaska, south to the mountains of N. E. and N. Y., and to Manitoba and Wash. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 5. Calamagrostis Canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. BLUE JOINT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 373.) Culms 6 15 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth or somewhat scabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long or more, 2-8 mm. wide, rough; panicle 1-2 dm. in length, open, usually purplish, the branches spreading or ascending, the lower 3.75-7.5 cm. long, naked at the base; spikelets 3 mm. long, the outer scales equal or subequal, acute, strongly scabrous ; the third scale equalling GRAMINEAE. 113 or slightly shorter than the second, scabrous, the awn delicate and equalling the copious basal hairs which are about as long as the scale or some of them shorter. In swamps and wet soil, Newf. to Alaska, south to N. Car., N. Mex. and Cal. Ascends to 1500 m. in the Adirondacks. July Sept. Calamagrostis Canadensis acuminkta Vasey. Differs from the species in its usually smaller panicle, larger (3.5-4 mm. long) spikelets with the empty scales sharply acuminate, and more scabrous and longer awn of the flowering scale. Lab. and Newf. to Alaska, south in the Mountains to N. Car., N. Mex. and Cal. 6. Calamagrostis Macouniana Vasey. MACOUN'S REED-GRASS. (I. F. f. 372.) Culms 6-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; leaves 7.5-17.5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, erect, acuminate, scabrous; panicle open, 7.5-11.25 cm. in length, the branches ascending, or some- times erect, the lower 2.5-3.75 cm. long, naked at the base; spikelets 2 mm. long, the outer scales acute, scabrous, the first shorter than the second; third scale equalling the second, the awn a little exceeding it; basal hairs about as long as the scale. Manitoba and Mont, to Wash., south to Mo. Summer. 7. Calamagrostis neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn. NARROW REED-GRASS. (I. F. f. 378.) Glabrous and smooth throughout. Culms 4.5-6.25 dm. tall, erect, simple, slender. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; leaves narrow, involute in drying, the basal one-third as long as the culm, those of the culm 5-12.5 cm. long, erect; panicle contracted, 6.25-10 cm. in length, the branches 2.5 cm. long or less, erect; spikelets 4 mm. long, the scales scabrous, the outer acute; third scale obtuse, about three-fourths as long as the second, the awn exceeding the scale. Lab. to Alaska, south to northern Me., Wis., Mont., Colo., and Ore. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. Calamagrostis neglecta borealis. Differs from the species in its shorter culms (2-3 dm. tall) and leaves, smaller and denser panicle (3-5 cm. long), and the spikelets but 3 mm. long. Lab. and Hudson Bay. Also in northern Europe. 8. Calamagrostis inexpansa A. Gray. BOG REED-GRASS. Culms but little tufted, 8-12 dm. tall. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves rough, 2-3 dm. long, 4 mm. wide or less; panicle 1.5-2 dm. long, usually nodding at the summit, its branches rather long, nearly erect; spikelets 4-4.5 mm. long, numerous, the empty scales scabrous, hispid on the keel, acute, the flowering scale scabrous, the callus- hairs from three-fourths as long to equalling the scale, the awn from shorter to ex- ceeding the scale. Bogs and sandy banks, N. J. and western N. Y. to S. Dak. and Colo. 9. Calamagrostis Labradorica Kearney. LABRADOR REED-GRASS. Culms 3.5-5 dm. tall, rigid. Sheaths tightly embracing the culm; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 2.5 mm. or less wide, strongly involute, thick, scrabrous above, smooth beneath; panicle spike- like and dense, 6-9 cm. long, strict; spikelets about 4 mm. long, the empty scales acute, nearly glabrous excepting on the hispidulous keels, firm, thick, dark purple, the flowering scales about 3.5 mm. long, scabrous, the awn much shorter than the scale, usually slender, the callus-hairs from somewhat shorter to nearly equalling the scale. Among rocks on the seashore, Lab. July. 10. Calamagrostis hyperborea Lange. NORTHERN REED-GRASS. Culms densely tufted, rigid, stout, 4-10 dm. tall. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves very rough on both surfaces, flat, or often involute toward the apex, stiff, 1-3 dm. long, 5 mm. or less wide; panicle contracted, 7-14 cm. long, its branches short, usually erect, sometimes ascending; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, the empty scales scabrous, acute, the flowering scale with the callus -hairs from a little shorter than to nearly equalling it, the awn shorter than or longer than the scale. Meadows and swamps, Greenland to Alaska, south toPenn., Colo, and Cal. June-Aug. Very variable. The var. ELONGATA Kearney has the panicle very long and rather loose, with usually longer branches, and the spikelets 3-4 mm. long; the var, AMERI- CANA (Vasey) Kearney has the panicle usually very dense and the spikelets about 3 mm. long. 11. Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) Scribn. NUTTALL'S REED-GRASS. (I. F. f. 379.) Culms 9-15 dm. tall, erect. Sheaths smooth or rough, the lower 114 FLORA. sometimes sparingly hirsute, and rarely with a villous ring at the summit; leaves 1-3 dm. long or more, 4-10 mm. wide, scabrous, occasionally sparingly hirsute; panicle 7-5-17-5 cm. in length, contracted, the branches erect, the lower 2. 5-5 cm. long; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; scales strongly scabrous, the outer about equal, acuminate and awn-pointed; third scale shorter, obtuse, the basal hairs one-half to two-thirds its length; awn stout, exceeding or equalling the scale. In moist soil, N. H. and Mass, to Penn., south to Ga. July-Aug. 43. AMMOPHILA Host. Tall perennial grasses with flat leaves, convolute above, and dense spike-like panicles. Spikelets I -flowered, the rachilla prolonged beyond the flower and hairy. Scales 3, rigid, chartaceous, acute, keeled; the 2 outer empty, the lower i-nerved, the upper 3-nerved; third scale 5 -nerved, with a ring of short hairs at the base, subtending a chartaceous 2-nerved palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, signifying sand-loving, in allusion to the habitat of these grasses.] Two species, the following widely distributed along the fresh and salt-water shores of the northern hemisphere, the other European. 1. Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link. SEA SAND-REED. SEA MAT-WEED. MARAM. (I. F. f. 380.) Glabrous ; culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect, rigid, stout, aris- ing from a long horizontal branching rootstock. Sheaths smooth, the lower short, crowded and overlapping, the upper longer; leaves 1.5-3 dm. l n g or more, rigid, attenuate into a long slender involute point, smooth beneath, scabrous above; spike- like panicle dense, 1-3 dm. in length, 1.2-1.6 cm. thick, its branches 3.75 cm. long or less, appressed; spikelets 1-1.2 cm. long, the scales scabrous, about equal in length, the third usually with the rudiment of an awn just below the apex; basal hairs 2-4 mm. long. In sands of the seacoast from N. B. to Va., and inland along the shores of the Great Lakes. Also on the coasts of northern Europe. Aug. -Sept. 44. CALAMOVILFA Hack. Tall grasses with stout horizontal rootstocks, elongated leaves, which are in- volute at the apex, and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets I -flowered, the rachilla not prolonged beyond the flower. Scales 3, I -nerved, acute, the 2 outer unequal, empty ; third scale longer or shorter than the second, with a ring of hairs at the base; palet strongly 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Greek, signifying a reed -like grass.] Three known species, natives of the temperate and subtropical regions of N. Am. Spikelets 4-5 mm. long, the basal hairs less than half the length of the third scale. 1. C. brevipilis. Spikelets 6-8 mm. long, the basal hairs more than half the length of the third scale. 2. C. longifolia. x. Calamovilfa brevipilis (Torr.) Hack. SHORT-HAIRED REED -GRASS. (I. F. f. 381.) Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so. Culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect, simple ; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long. 3 mm. wide or less, attenuate into a long slender involute tip, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous above; panicle open. 1.25-2.5 cm. in length, the branches ascending, the lower 5-10 cm. long; spikelets 4-5 mm. long; scales acute, scabrous toward the apex, the outer unequal, the first one-half as long as the second; third scale exceeding the second, pubescent on the lower half of the keel; basal hairs one-third the length of the scale; palet nearly equalling the scale, pubescent on the lower half of the keel. In swamps, pine barrens of N. J. Local. Aug.-Sept. 2. Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hack. LONG -LEAVED REED -GRASS. (I. F. f. 382.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, stout, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths crowded and overlapping, glabrous or rarely pilose; leaves 2-3 dm. long or more, panicle narrow, often 3 dm. long or more, pale, the branches erect or as- cending, the lower 1-2.5 dm. l n g; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; scales acute, smooth, the first shorter than the second; the third a little longer or slightly shorter thau the second, and nearly twice the length of the copious basal hairs; palet slightly GRAMINEAE. 11$ shorter than the third scale. On sandy shores, western Ont. and Manitoba to the Rocky Mts., south to Ind., Kans. and Colo. July-Sept. 45. APERA Adans. Annual grasses, with narrow flat leaves, and ample open or contracted panicles. Spikelets I -flowered, small, the rachilla prolonged beyond the flower into a bristle. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, unequal, thin, membranous, keeled, acute; the third scale a little shorter, membranous, bearing a long slender awn inserted just below the shortly 2 -toothed apex; palet a little shorter than the scale, 2 -keeled, 2 -toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain narrow, free, in- cluded in the scale. Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Greek, signifying not muti- lated, whole or entire; application uncertain.] Two species, natives of Europe and western Asia. i. Apera Spica-venti (L.) Beauv. SILKY BENT-GRASS. WINDLESTRAW. (I. F. f. 383.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, simple, slender, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually longer than the internodes, the upper one generally including the base of the panicle; leaves 2.5-17.5 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 7.5-22.5 cm. in length, the branches erect or ascending, capillary, 3.75-7.5 cm. long; outer scales of the spikelet 2-2.5 mm - l n g> acute, smooth and shining; third scale hairy or nearly smooth, bearing a dorsal scabrous awn 6-8 mm. long; rudi- ment at the end of the rachilla less than 0.5 mm. long. In waste places and on ballast, Me. to southern N. Y. and Penn. Adventive from Europe. June-July. 46. HOLCUS L. Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and spike-like or open panicles. Spikelets deciduous, 2-flowered; lower flower perfect, upper staminate. Scales 4; the 2 lower empty, membranous, keeled, the first i -nerved, the second 3 -nerved and often short-awned; flowering scales chartaceous, that of the upper flower bearing a bent awn. Palet narrow, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plu- mose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, taken from Pliny.] About 8 species, natives of the Old World. i. Holcus lanatus L. VELVET-GRASS. MEADOW SOFT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 384.) Softly and densely pubescent, light green. Culms 4.5-9 dm. tall, erect, often decumbent at the base, simple ; sheaths shorter than the internodes; leaves 2.5-15 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide; spikelets 4 mm. long, the empty scales white- villous, the upper awn-pointed; flowering scales 2 mm. long, smooth, glabrous and shining, the lower sparsely ciliateon the keel, somewhat obtuse, the upper 2 -toothed and bearing a hooked awn just below the apex. In fields, meadows and waste places, N. S. to Ont. and 111. ; south to N. Car. and Tenn. Also on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. June-Aug. 47. A"IRA L. Mostly annual grasses with narrow leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets small, 2-flowered, both flowers perfect. Scales 4; the 2 lower empty, thin-membranous, acute, subequal, persistent ; the flowering scales usually con- tiguous, hyaline, mucronate or 2 -toothed, deciduous, bearing a delicate dorsal awn inserted below the middle; palet a little shorter than the scale, hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. Grain enclosed in the scale and palet, and often adhering to them. [Greek name for Lolium temulentum.~\ Four or five species, natives of Europe. Panicle open ; flowering scales about 2 mm. long ; plants 1.25-2.5 dm. tall. 1. A. caryophyllea. Panicle contracted ; flowering scales about 3 mm. long ; plants 5-10 cm. tall. 2. A praecox. i. Aira caryophyllea L. SILVERY HAIR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 385.) Smooth and glabrous throughout. Culms 1.25-2.5 dm. tall, erect from an annual root, sim- ple, slender ; sheaths mostly basal; leaves 1.25-5 cm - ' on g in volute -setaceous ; panicle 2.5-10 cm. in length, open, the branches spreading or ascending, the lower 2.5 cm. long or less ; spikelets 22.5 mm - l n S? the empty scales acute ; flowering Il6 FLORA. scales very acute. 2-toothed, 2 mm. long, bearing an awn 3-4 mm. long. In fields and waste places, eastern Mass, to Va. Also on the Pacific Coast. Local. Natural- ized from Europe. Panicle silvery, shining. May July. 2. Aira praecox L. EARLY HAIR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 386.) Glabrous and smooth throughout. Culms 5-10 cm. tall, erect, from an annual root, simple, rigid; sheaths clothing the whole culm, the upper one often enclosing the base of the panicle ; leaves 2.5 cm. long or less, involute-setaceous ; panicle contracted, strict, 1.25-2.5 cm. in length ; spikelets about 3 mm. long, the empty scales acute ; the flowering scales acuminate, 2-toothed, about 3 mm. long, bearing an awn 3-4 mm. long. In dry fields, southern N. J. and Perm. toVa. Naturalized from Europe. May-July. 48. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves, and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2 -flowered, both flowers perfect, the hairy rachilla extended beyond the flowers or rarely terminated by a staminate one. Scales 4 (rarely more), the 2 lower empty, keeled, acute, membranous, shining, persistent ; the flowering scales of about the same texture, deciduous, bearing a dorsal awn, the apex toothed. Palet narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale. [In honor of J. C. A. Loiseleur-Deslong- champs, 1774-1849, French physician and botanist.] About 20 species, inhabiting cold and temperate regions, a few occurring in the high mountains of the tropics. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the western parts of N. Am. Upper flowering scales reaching or extending beyond the apex of the empty scales. Flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, erose-truncate ; leaves flat. 1. D. caespitosa Flowering scales about 4 mm. long, acute or obtuse ; leaves involute. 2. D.flexuosa. Empty scales extending much beyond the upper flowering scale. 3. D. atropurpurea. 1. Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. TUFTED HAIR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 387.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Leaves flat, 23 mm. wide, smooth beneath, strongly scabrous above, the basal ones numerous, one-quarter to one-half as long as the culm, those of the culm 5-15 cm. long ; panicle open, 7.5-22.5 cm. in length, the branches widely spreading or ascending, often somewhat flexuous, naked at the base, the lower 5-12.5 cm. long ; spikelets 3.5- 4mm. long ; flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, erose-truncate at the apex, the awns somewhat shorter or a little longer, the upper scale reaching to or extending beyond the apices of the empty ones. Newf. to Alaska, south to N. J., 111.. Minn, and in the Rocky Mts. and Sierra Nevada to N. Mex. and Cal., mostly in wet soil. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 2. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. WAVY HAIR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 388.) Glabrous throughout. Culms 3-7.5 dm. tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth ; leaves involute-setaceous, smooth beneath, scabrous above, the basal very numerous, one- fifth the length of the culm or less, those of the culm 2.5-7.5 cm. long; panicle open, 5-20 cm. in length, the branches ascending or erect, sometimes widely speading, naked at the base, flexuous, the lower 3.75-12.5 cm. long; spikelets 4.5-5 mm - long; flowering scales about 4 mm. long, acutely toothed at the apex; awns bent and twisted, much exceeding the scale. In dry soil, Greenland and Newf. to Ont. and Mich., south to N. Car. and Tenn. Ascends to 150x3 m. in the Adirondacks. Also in Europe. July-Aug. 3. Deschampsia atropurpurea (Wahl.) Scheele. MOUNTAIN HAIR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 389.) Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so. Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect, simple, rigid ; leaves 2-4 mm. wide, erect, sometimes slightly scabrous above, the basal 6.25-12.5 cm. long, those of the culm shorter; panicle contracted, usually purple or purplish, 2.5-5 cm. in length, the branches erect, or sometimes ascending, the lower 1.25-3.75 cm. long; spikelets 5 mm. long; flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, erose-truncate at the apex; awns bent and much longer than the scales ; upper scale much exceeded by the very acute outer ones. On alpine GRAM1NEAE. 1 1/ summits of N. Y.. N. E., Mont., Ore. and Wash., north to Lab. and Alaska. Also in Europe. July-Aug. 49. TRISETUM Pers. Mostly perennial tufted grasses, with flat leaves and spike-like or open panicles. Spikelets 2-4-flowered, the flowers all perfect, or the uppermost staminate; rachilla glabrous or pilose, extended beyond the flowers. Scales 4-6, membranous, the 2 lower empty, unequal, acute, persistent; flowering scales usually shorter than the empty ones, deciduous, 2 -toothed, bearing a dorsal awn below the apex, or the lower one sometimes awnless. Palet narrow, hyaline, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Latin, referring to the three bristles (one awn and two sharp teeth) of the flowering scales in some species. ] About 50 species, widely distributed in temperate or mountainous regions. Besides the following, about 8 others occur in the western parts of N. Am. Flowering scales all bearing long dorsal awns. Panicle contracted, dense ; flowering scales 5 mm. long or less. i. T. subspicatum. Panicle open, loose; flowering scales 5 mm. long or more. 2. T. flavescens. Lower flowering scale not bearing a long dorsal awn, a rudiment sometimes present. 3. T. Pennsylvanicum. 1. Trisetum suspicatum (L.) Beauv. NARROW FALSE-OAT. (I. F. f. 390.) Softly pubescent or glabrous. Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect, simple ; leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide; panicle spike-like, 2.5-12.5 cm. in length, often inter- rupted below, its branches 3.75 cm. or less long, erect; spikelets 2-3-flowered, the empty scales hispid on the keel, shining, the second about 5 mm. long, the first shorter; flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, acuminate, scabrous, each bearing a long bent and somewhat twisted awn. In rocky places, Lab. to Alaska, south on the mountains to N. Car., N. Mex. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. Aug. -Sept. 2. Trisetum flavescens (L.)R. & S. YELLOW FALSE-OAT. (I. F. f. 391.) Culms 4.5-7.5 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth, glabrous. Sheaths more or less pubes- cent; leaves 3. 75 12-5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous, sometimes sparingly hairy; panicle open, 5-12.5 cm. in length, the branches ascending or erect, somewhat flex- uous, naked below, the lower 2.5-5 cm - l n g> spikelets 3-4-flowered ; empty scales smooth and glabrous, the second acute, 5 mm. long, the first about half as long, narrower, acuminate; flowering scales 5-6 mm. long, scabrous, bearing a long bent and twisted awn. Introduced into Mo. and Kans. Native of Europe and Asia. Panicle yellow, turning dull brown. July-Aug. 3. Trisetum Pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv. MARSH FALSE-OAT. (I. F. f. 392.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, slender and often weak, smooth and gla- brous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, sometimes scabrous; leaves 2.5-15 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough; panicle 5-20 cm. in length, yellowish, narrow, the branches ascending, the lower 2.5-5 cm - l n g spikelets 2-flowered; outer scales smooth, shining, subequal, the second 4-5 mm. long; flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, scabrous, the lower not long-awned, but a rudimentary awn sometimes pres- ent, the upper with a long bent and twisted awn. In swamps and wet meadows, N. Y. to 111., south to Fla. and La. Ascends to 1050 m. in Va. Panicle sometimes loose and nodding. June-July. 50. AVENA L. Annual or perennial grasses, with usually flat leaves and panicled spikelets. Spikelets 2-many-flowered, or rarely i -flowered; lower flowers perfect, the upper often staminate or imperfect. Scales 4-many (rarely 3); the two lower empty, somewhat unequal, membranous, persistent; flowering scales deciduous, rounded on the back, acute, generally bearing a dorsal awn, the apex often 2-toothed. Palet narrow, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, deeply furrowed, enclosed in the scale and palet, free or sometimes adher- ent to the latter. [Old Latin name for the oat.] About 50 species, widely dis- tributed in temperate regions, chiefly in the Old "World. Oats (Avena sativa L.) sometimes appear in waste places or in fit-Ids where it has been cultivated. Il8 FLORA. Empty scales of the spikelet 1.2 cm. in length or less, shorter than the flowering scales. Flowering scales with a ring of short hairs at the base; awn nearly as long as the scale. i. A. striata. Flowering scales naked at the base; awn not over one-half as long as the scale. 2. A. Smithii. Empty scales 1.2-1.8 cm. in length, enclosing the flowering scales. 3. A.fatua. 1. Avena striata Michx. PURPLE OAT. (I. F. f. 393.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, simple, slender, smooth and glabrous. Leaves erect, 2.5-15 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth beneath, usually scabrous above; panicle 6.25-12.5 cm. in. length, lax, the branches erect or ascending, naked below, the lower 2.5-6.25 cm. long; spikelets 3-6-flowered, the empty scales smooth, the second 6-7 mm. in length, 3- nerved, the first two-thirds to three-quarters as long, I -nerved; flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, with a ring of short hairs at the base, strongly nerved, scabrous ; awns as long as the scales or longer. In woods, N. B. to Br. Col., south to northern Penn. , Minn, and Neb. Spikelets reddish purple. July-Aug. 2. Avena Smithii Porter. SMITH'S OAT. '(I. F. f. 394.) Culms 7.5-15 dm. tall, erect, simple, scabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, very rough; leaves 1-2 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1.5-3 dm. in length, the branches finally spreading; spikelets 3-6-flowered; empty scales smooth, the second 6-8 mm. in length, 5 -nerved, the first shorter, obscurely 3 -nerved; flowering scales I cm. long, naked at the base, strongly nerved, scabrous, bearing an awn one-fourth to one-half their length. Northern Mich, and Isle Royal. Summer. 3. Avena fatua L. WILD OAT. (I. F. f. 395.) Culms 3-12 dm. tall, erect, simple, stout, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths smooth, or scabrous at the summit, sometimes sparingly hirsute, the lower often overlapping; leaves 7.5-20 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide; panicle open, 1-3 dm. in length, the branches ascending; spikelets 2-4-flowered, drooping; outer scales 1.8-2.5 cm. in length, smooth, enclosing the flowering scales; flowering scales 1. 2-1.8 cm. long, with a ring of stiff brown hairs at the base, pubescent with long rigid brown hairs, bearing a long bent and twisted awn. In fields and waste places, N. Dak. and Minn. ; abundant on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe or Asia. July-Sept. 51. ARRHENATHERUM Beaur. Tall perennial grasses with flat leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spike- lets 2-flowered; lower flower staminate, upper perfect; rachilla extended beyond the flowers. Scales 4. the 2 lower empty, thin-membranous, keeled, very acute or awn-pointed, unequal, persistent; flowering scales rigid, 5~7-nerved, deciduous, the first bearing a long bent and twisted dorsal awn, inserted below the middle, the second unawned; palet hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid, free. [Greek, referring to the awn of the stami- nate scale. ] Six species, natives of the Old World. i. Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. OAT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 396.) Gla- brous. Culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect, simple; lower sheaths longer than the inter- nodes; leaves 6.25-30 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-3 dm. in length, contracted, the branches erect, the lower 2. 5-5 cm. long; empty scales finely rough- ened, the second 8 mm. long, the first shorter; flowering scales about 8 mm. long. In fields and waste places, Me. and Ont. to Ga., Tenn. and Neb. Also on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. June-Aug. 52. DANTHONIA DC. Mostly perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 3-many-flowered, the flowers all perfect, or the upper stami- nate ; rachilla pubescent, extending beyond the flowers. Scales 5-many, the 2 lower empty, keeled, acute, subequal, persistent, generally extending beyond the uppermost flowering one: flowering scales rounded on the back, 2-toothed, decidu- ous, the awn arising from between the acute or awned teeth, flat and twisted at base, bent; palet hyaline, 2-keeled near the margins, obtuse or 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Name in honor of Etienne Danthoine, a Marseilles botanist of the last century.] A genus of about 100 species, widely distributed, chiefly in South Africa. GRAMINEAE. 119 Empty scales i 25 cm. long or less ; sheaths glabrous or sometimes sparingly pubescent at the base. Teeth of the flowering scale about i mm. long, acute ; culm leaves short ; panicle contracted. i. D. spicata. Teeth of the flowering scale 2-3 mm. long, awned ; culm leaves elongated ; panicle usually open. 2. D. compressa. Empty scales more than 1.25 cm. long. Sheaths and flowering scales villous. 3. D. sericea. Sheaths glabrous ; flowering scales pilose on the margins. 4. D, epilis. 1. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. COMMON WILD OAT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 397.) Culms 3-7.5 dm. tall, erect, nearly terete. Sheaths glabrous or often spar- ingly pubescent below; leaves rough, 2 mm. wide or less, usually involute, the lower 1-1.5 dm. long, the upper 2.5-5 cm - l n gl inflorescence racemose or panicu- late, 2.5-5 cm - * n length, the pedicels and branches erect or ascending; spikelets 5-8-flowered; empty scales 8-10 mm. long, glabrous; flowering scales broadly oblong, sparingly pubescent with appressed silky hairs, the teeth about I mm. long, acute or short-pointed, the bent and widely spreading awn closely twisted at the base, loosely so above. In dry soil, Newf. to Quebec and N. Dak., south to N. Car., Kans., and La. Ascends to 900 m. in Va. July-Sept. 2. Danthonia compressa Austin. FLATTENED WILD OAT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 398.) Culms 4.5-9 dm. tall, erect, flattened. Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, rough, lax, the basal from one-third to one-half the length of the culm; lower culm leaves 1.5-2 dm. long, the upper 7.5-15 cm.; panicle open, 6.25-10 cm. in length, the lower branches generally spreading; spikelets 5-10 flowered; empty scales 1-1.2 cm. long, glabrous; flowering scales oblong, with a ring of short hairs at base, pubescent with appressed silky hairs, the awn erect or somewhat bent, strongly twisted below, slightly so above, the teeth 2-3 mm. long, acuminate, awned. In woods, Me. and Vt. to N. Car. and Tenn. Ascends to 1800 m. in N. Car. July- Sept. 3. Danthonia sericea Nutt. SILKY WILD OAT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 399.) Culms 4.5-9 dm. tall, simple, glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, villous; leaves rough and more or less villous, 2-3 mm. wide, the basal one-quarter to one- half the length of the culm, usually flexuous, those of the culm 2.5-10 cm. long, erect; panicle 6.25-11.25 cm. in length, contracted, the branches erect or ascending; spikelets 4-iO-flowered; empty scales 1.4-1.6 cm. long, glabrous; flowering scales oblong, strongly pubescent with long silky hairs, the awn erect or somewhat bent, closely twisted below, loosely so above, the teeth 2-3 mm. long, acuminate, awned. In dry sandy soil, Mass, to N. J., south to Fla. May-July. 4. Danthonia epilis Scribn. SMOOTH WILD OAT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 398a.) Gla- brous. Culms erect, tufted, 4-7 dm. tall, slightly roughened just below the panicle and puberulent below the brown nodes; leaves smooth excepting at the apex, 2-4 mm. wide, erect, those on the sterile shoots 1.5 dm. or more long, the culm leaves 510 cm. long; panicle 5-7.5 cm. long, contracted; spikelets, including awns, 1.8-2 cm. long, 5-io-flowered; empty scales acuminate; flowering scales 5-6 mm. long to the base of the teeth, pilose on the margins below and sometimes sparingly so on the midnerve at the base, the teeth, including the awns, 2-3 mm. long, the central awn 9-12 mm. long, more or less spreading. In swamps, southern N. J. to Ga. May-July. 53. CAPRIOLA Adans. Perennial grasses with short flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes dig- itate. Spikelets i-flowered, secund. Scales 3; the 2 lower empty, keeled; flow- ering scale broader, membranous, compressed; palet a little shorter than the scale, hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas short, plumose. Grain free. [Name mediaeval Latin for the wild goat, that feeds on this grass in waste rocky places.] Four known species, of which three are Australian, the following widely distributed. I. Capriola Dactylon (L. ) Kuntze. BERMUDA-GRASS. SCUTCH-GRASS. DOG'S- TOOTH GRASS. (I. F. f. 400.) Culms 1-3 dm. tall, erect, from long creeping and branching stolons, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths glabrous or somewhat hairy, crowded at the bases of the culms and along the stolons; leaves 2.5-5 cm< 120 FLORA. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat, rigid, smooth beneath, scabrous above; spikes 4-5. 1.25-5 cm. in length, digitate; rachis flat; spikelets 2 mm. long; outer scales hispid on the keel, narrow, the first shorter than the second, about two-thirds as long as the broad and strongly compressed third one. In fields and waste places, southern N. Y. to Penn. and Term., south to Fla. and Tex. Abundant in the Southern States. Cultivated for pasture. Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept. 54. SPARTlNA Schreb. Perennial glabrous grasses, with long horizontal rootstocks, flat or involute leaves, and an inflorescence of one-sided spreading or erect alternate spikes. Spike- lets i -flowered, narrow, deciduous, borne in two rows on the rachis, articulated with the very short pedicels below the scales. Scales 3 ; the two outer empty, keeled, very unequal ; the third subtending a perfect flower, keeled, equalling or shorter than the second; palet often longer than its scale, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles filiform, elongated. Stigmas filiform, papillose or shortly plumose. Grain free. [Greek, referring to the cord-like leaves of some species.] About 7 species, widely distributed in saline soil, a few in fresh -water marshes. First scale awn-pointed, equalling the third ; second long-awned. i. S. cynosuroides. First scale acute, shorter than the third, usually one-half as long. First scale strongly scabrous-hispid on the keel. Leaves 1.25 cm. wide or more, flat. 2. S. polystachya. Leaves 6 mm. wide or less. Spikes ascending or erect ; leaves narrow, involute ; coast plant. 3. S, patens. Spikes appressed ; leaves usually flat at the base ; western species. 4. S. gracilis. First scale smooth on the keel or occasionally slightly scabrous. 5. S. stricta. 1. Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Willd. TALL MARSH-GRASS (I. F. f. 401.) Culms 6-1 8 dm., tall, erect, simple, smooth. Leaves 3 dm. long or more, 6-14 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins, becoming involute in drying, attenuate into a long slender tip; spikes 5-30, 5-12.5 cm. long, often on peduncles 1.25-2.5 cm. in length, ascending or erect; rachis rough on the margins; spikelets much imbricated, 1.2-1.4 cm - l n gJ outer scales awn-pointed or awned, strongly hispid-scabrous on the keel; third scale as long as the first, the scabrous midrib terminating just below the emarginate or 2-toothed apex ; palet sometimes exceeding the scale. In swamps and streams of fresh or brackish water, N. S. to Assiniboia, N. J. and Tex. Some- times glaucous. Called also Fresh-water Cord-grass. Aug.-Oct. 2. Spartina polystachya (Michx.) Ell. SALT REED-GRASS. (I. F. f. 402.) Culms 1-3 m. tall, erect, stout, simple, smooth. Leaves 3 dm. long or more, 1.25- 2.5 cm. wide, flat, scabrous at least on the margins, attenuate into a long slender tip; spikes 20-50, ascending, often long-peduncled, 5-10 cm. in length, the rachis rough on the margins; spikelets much imbricated, 8-10 mm. long, the outer scales acute, strongly scabrous -hispid on the keel, the first half the length of the second; third scale scabrous on the upper part of the keel, obtuse, longer than the first and exceeded by the palet. In salt and brackish marshes, Me. to N. J. and Fla. Called also creek -thatch. Aug.-Oct. 3. Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. SALT-MEADOW GRASS. (I. F. f. 403.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, or decumbent at base, smooth. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm, broad, involute, attenuate into a long tip, smooth and glabrous beneath; spikes 2-10, 2.5-5 cm - l n g> usually ascending, more or less peduncled, the rachis slightly scabrous; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; outer scales acute, scabrous-hispid on the keel, the first usually rather less than one-half as long as the second; third scale somewhat scabrous on the upper part of the keel, emarginate or 2-toothed at the apex, longer than the first and exceeded by the palet. On salt meadows, Newf. and N. S. to Fla., west to Tex. This andjuncus Gerardi, the " Black-grass," fur- nish most of the salt -meadow hay of the Atlantic Coast. Aug.-Oct. 4. Spartina gracilis Trin. INLAND CORD-GRASS. (I. F. f. 404.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths overlapping, those at the base of the culm short and crowded; leaves 3 dm. long or less, 2-6 mm. wide, flat or involute, attenuate into a long tip; spikes 4-8, 2.5-5 cm. long, appressed, more or le.-s pc- GRAMINEAE. 121 duncled; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; outer scales acute, scabrous -hispid on the keel, the first half the length of the second; third scale obtuse, slightly shorter than the second and about equalling the obtuse palet. In saline soil, Assiniboia and Br. Col. to Neb. and Nev. Aug. -Sept. 5. Spartina stricta (Ait.) Roth. SMOOTH MARSH-GRASS. (I. F. f. 405.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths overlapping, those at the base shorter and looser, much crowded ; leaves 7.5-30 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide at the base, involute, at least when dry ; spikes 3-5, erect or nearly so, 2.5-5 cm< l n g > spikelets 1.2-1.6 cm. long, loosely imbricated; empty scales acute or acutish, I -nerved, the first shorter than the second, which exceeds or equals the third ; palet longer than the third scale. Spartina stricta maritima (Walt.) Scribn. Culms taller, sometimes 3 m. high, and leaves longer ; spikes more numerous, usually appressed. Spartina stricta alternifl6ra (Lois.) A. Gray. Culms 12-18 dm. tall; spikes slender, appressed, 7.5-12.5 cm. long, the spikelets barely overlapping. Very variable. Common in some one of its forms, along the coast from Me. to Fla. and Tex. Also on the coast of Europe. Our plant does not appear to be satis- factorily identified with the European. Aug.-Oct. 55. CAMPULOSUS Desv. Tall pungent-tasted grasses, with fiat or convolute narrow leaves and a curved spicate inflorescence. Spikelets borne pectinately in two rows on one side of the flat curved rachis, I -flowered. Lower 4 scales empty, the first very short, hyaline ; the second, third, fourth and fifth awned on the back, the latter subtending a per- fect flower and palet, the uppermost scales empty. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, loosely enclosed in the scale. [Greek, in allusion to the curved spike.] Seven known species, four of them American, the others in the eastern hemisphere. i. Camoulosus aromaticus (Walt.) Scribn. TOOTHACHE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 406.) Culms 9-12 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth or somewhat scabrous. Leaves 2.5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat or involute, smooth ; spike terminal, solitary, curved, 510 cm. long, the rachis extended into a point ; spikelets about 6 mm. long ; second scale thick and rigid, awn-pointed, bearing just above the middle a stout horizontal or recurved awn ; third, fourth and fifth scales membranous, sca- brous, awned from below the 2 -toothed apex, the fifth subtending a perfect flower, the others empty. In wet soil, especially in pine barrens, Va. to Fla. July-Sept. 56. CHLORIS Sw. Mostly perennial grasses with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes few or numerous, verticillate or approximate. Spikelets i-flowered, arranged in two rows on one side of the rachis. Scales 4 ; the 2 lower empty, unequal, keeled, acute ; third and fourth usually awned, the former subtending a perfect flower ; palet folded and 2 -keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, greenish -yellow, referring to the color of the herbage.] About fifty species, mostly natives of warm and tropical regions. Be- sides the following some 10 others occur in the southern U. S. Spikes slender, naked at the base ; nerves of the third scale all pilose with short ap- pressed hairs. i. C. verticillata. Spikes stout, spikelets crowded to the very base ; lateral nerves of the third scale with a tuft of very long hairs at the summit. 2. C. elegans. I. Chloris verticillata Nutt. PRAIRIE CHLORIS. (I. F. f. 407.) Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect, or decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes. Leaves 2.5- 7.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, obtuse, often apiculate, scabrous ; spikes slemder, usually spreading, 5-11.25 cm. long, in one or two whorls, or the upper ones ap- proximate ; spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about 3 mm. long, the third scale 2 mm. long, obtuse, ciliate on the nerves, especially on the lateral ones, bearing just below the apex a scabrous awn about 5 mm. long ; fourth scale as long as or shorter than the third, awned near the usually truncate apex. On prairies, Kans. to Tex. May-July. 122 FLORA. 2. Chloris elegans H. B. K. Culms 1.5-9 dm. tall, finally branched. Sheaths compressed, keeled ; leaves usually less than i dm. long, sometimes longer, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth beneath, generally very rough above ; inflorescence silvery -white, often tinged with purple, consisting of 3-12 erect spikes 2-8 cm. long; spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about 4 mm. long, usually 2-flowered, the third scale with the midnerve abruptly contracted a short distance below the awn, the awn 5-10 mm. long. Sandy soil, Kans. (according to Hitchcock) to Ariz., south to Mex. 57. GYMNOPOGON Beauv. Perennial grasses with flat and usually short rigid leaves, and numerous slender alternate spikes. Spikelets I -flowered, almost sessile, the rachilla extended and bearing a small scale which is usually awned. Scales 3 or 4; the 2 lower empty, unequal, narrow, acute; third broader, fertile, 3-nerved, slightly 2-toothed at the apex, bearing an erect awn; the fourth empty, small, awned; palet 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain linear, free, enclosed in the rigid scale. [Greek, naked-beard, referring to the prolongation of the rachilla.] Six known species, all but one of them natives of America. Spikes bearing spikelets their whole length ; awn longer than flowering scale. 1. G. ambignus. Spikes bearing spikelets above the middle ; awn shorter than flowering scale. 2. G. brevifolius. 1. Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.) B.S.P. BROAD-LEAVED GYMNOPOGON. (I. F. f. 408.) Culms 3-4.5 dm. tall, erect, or decumbent at the base, simple or sometimes sparingly branched. Sheaths short, with a villous ring at the summit, crowded at the base of the culm; leaves 2.5-10 cm. long. 4-12 mm. wide, lanceo- late, acute, cordate at the base, spreading, smooth or a little scabrous above ; spikes slender, spikelet-bearing throughout their entire length, at first erect, the lower 1-2 dm. long, at length widely spreading; spikelets, exclusive of awns, 4-5 mm. long; first scale shorter than the second ; third scale exceeded by the second, the callus at the base hairy, the awn 4-6 mm. long. In dry sandy soil, southern N. J. to Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug. -Oct. 2. Gymnopogon brevifolius Trin. SHORT-LEAVED GYMNOPOGON. (I. F. f. 409.) Culms 36 dm. long, from a decumbent base, simple, slender. Sheaths sometimes crowded near the middle of the culm; leaves 2.5-5 cm - l n g 2 ~8 mm - wide, usually spreading, lanceolate, acute, cordate at the base; spikes very slender, spikelet-bearing above the middle, the lower 1.5 dm. long, at first erect, finally widely spreading; spikelets, exclusive of the awns, 3 mm. long; first scale shorter than the second; third scale equalling or exceeded by the second, short-awned, sparingly villous or glabrous, the callus hairy. In dry soil, N. J. to Fla., west to Miss. Aug. -Oct. 58. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud. An annual grass with branching culms, narrow leaves and slender spikes arranged along a common axis. Spikelets I -flowered, sessile and alternate on the rachis. Scales 3; the 2 lower empty, narrow, membranous, acuminate; the flow- ering scale longer, of similar texture; palet narrow, shorter. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain linear, free, enclosed in the rigid scale. [Greek, in allusion to the resemblance of this grass to the genus Nardus.~\ A monotypic genus of central N. Am. i. Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trelease. SCHEDONNARDUS. (I. F. f. 410.) Culms 2-4.5 dm. ta ^ erect, slender, rigid, branching at the base, scabrous. Sheaths crowded at the base of the culm, compressed, smooth and glabrous; leaves 2.5-5 cm - l n g' 2 mm - wide or less, flat, usually erect ; spikes numerous, rigid, widely spreading, alternate, the lower 510 cm. long, the axis and branches triangular; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, sessile and appressed, alter- nate; scales hispid on the keel, the second longer than the first and exceeded by the acute third one. Manitoba and Assiniboia, south to 111., Tex. and N. Mex. July-Sept. GRAMINEAE. 12$ 59. BOUTELOUA Lag. Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and numerous spike- lets in few one-sided spikes. Spikelets 1-2 -flowered, arranged in two rows on one side of a flat rachis. the rachilla extended beyond the base of the flowers, bearing 1-3 awns and 1-3 rudimentary scales. Two lower scales empty, acute, keeled; flowering scale broader, 3-toothed, the teeth awn-pointed or awned; palet hyaline, entire or 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free. [In honor of Claudius Boutelou, a Spanish botanist.] About 30 species, particularly numerous in Mexico and in the southwestern U. S. Rachilla bearing the rudimentary scales and awns glabrous; second scale strongly papillose-hispid on the keel. i. B. hirsuta. Rachilla bearing the rudimentary scales and awns with a tuft of long hairs at the apex ; second scale scabrous and sparingly long-ciliate on the keel. 2. B. oligostachya. 1. Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. HAIRY MESQUITE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 411.) Culms 1.5-5 dm. ta ^> ere ct, simple or sometimes sparingly branched at the base. Sheaths mostly at the base of the culm; leaves 2.5-12.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, erect or ascending, flat, scabrous, sparingly papillose-hirsute near the base, espe- cially on the margins; spikes 1-4, 1.25-5 cm. long, usually erect or ascending, the rachis extending beyond the spikelets into a conspicuous point; spikelets numerous, 5-6 mm. long, pectinately arranged; second scale strongly papillose-hirsute on the keel; third scale pubescent, 3-cleft to the middle, the nerves terminating in awns; rachilla without a tuft of hairs under the rudimentary scales and awns. In dry soil, especially on prairies, 111. to Dak., Tex. and Ariz. July-Sept. 2. Bouteloua oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. GRAMA-GRASS. MESQUITE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 412.) Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect, simple. Leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, involute, at least at the long slender tip, smooth or scabrous; spikes 1-3, 2.5-5 cm. long, often strongly curved, the rachis terminating in a short inconspicuous point; spikelets numerous, pectinately arranged, about 6 mm. long; second scale scabrous and sometimes long-ciliate on the keel, sometimes with a few papillae; third scale pubescent, 3-cleft, the nerves terminating in awns; rachilla with a tuft of long hairs under the rudimentary scales and awns. On prairies, Manitoba to Alberta, south to Wis., Tex. and Mex. July-Sept. 60. ATHEROPOGON Muhl. Perennial grasses with narrow flat leaves and an inflorescence composed of nu- merous short scattered few-flowered one-sided spreading or frequently reflexed spikes. Spikelets i -flowered, crowded in 2 rows, sessile, imbricated, the rachilla articulated above the empty scales and extending beyond the flower, its summit bearing scales or awns. Scales 3 or more, the lower 2 empty, unequal, acute, nar- row, keeled, the third scale thicker and broader, enclosing a narrow 2-toothed hya- line palet and a perfect flower, 3-toothed at the apex, the teeth more or less awned; the small upper scales minute, awned. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, in reference to the awns of the flowering scales.] Species about 15, natives of temperate and tropical regions. i. Atheropogon curtipendulus (Michx.) Fourn. RACEMED BOUTELOUA. (I. F. f. 413.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Leaves 5-30 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less, flat or involute, rough, especially above; spikes numerous, 6-16 mm. long, widely spreading or reflexed; spikelets 4-12, divergent from the rachis, 7-12 mm. long; scales scabrous, especially on the keel, the first shorter than or equalling the second; the third 3-toothed, the nerves extended into short awns; rachilla bearing at the summit a small awned scale, or sometimes a larger 3-nerved scale, the nerves extended into awns; anthers vermillion or cinna- bar-red. In dry soil, Ont. to Manitoba, south to N. J., Ky., Tex. and Mex. July- Sept. (Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.) 61. BECKMANNIA Host. A tall erect grass with flat leaves and erect spikes borne in a terminal panicle. Spikelets i-2-flowered. glo1>ose. compressed. Scales 3 or 4; the 2 lower empty, membranous, saccate, obtuse or abruptly acute; the flowering scales narrow, thin- 124 FLORA. membranous; palet hyaline. 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plu- mose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [In honor of Johann Beckmann, 1739-1811. teacher of Natural History at St. Petersburg.] A mono- typic genus of the north temperate zone. I. Beckmannia erucaeformis (L.) Host. BECKMANNIA. (I. F. f. 414.) Glabrous. Culms 4.5-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth ; sheaths longer than the internodes, loose; leaves 7.5-22.5 cm. long. 4-8 mm. wide, rough; panicle 1-2.5 dm. in length, simple or compound, the spikes about 1.25 cm. long; spikelets 2-3 mm. long, i-2-flowered, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the rachis; scales smooth, the outer saccate, obtuse or abruptly acute ; flowering scales acute, the lower generally awn-pointed, the upper rarely present. In wet places, western Ont. to Br. Col., south to Iowa, Colo, and Cal. July-Sept. 62. ELEUSINE Gaertn. Tufted annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes digitate or close together at the summit of the culm. Spikelets several-flow- ered, sessile, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the rachis, which is not extended beyond them; flowers perfect or the upper staminate. Scales compressed, keeled; the 2 lower empty; the